Azot Fiksasyonu ve Fosfat Çözücü Bitki Gelişimini Teşvik Edici Bakteri Aşılamalarının Arpa Gelişimine Etkisi

Organik tarım, ürün artışını sağlamak için kullanılan yoğun sentetik kimyasalların toprak kalitesine olan olumsuz etkisini azaltabilmek ve sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak için önemli bir araçtır. Bu yüzden organik tarımda ve özellikle tahıl yetiştiriciliğinde, biyogübre olarak biyoajanların kullanımı önemli bir konudur. Mikroorganizmalar, bitkilerin besin elementi dönüşümlerini gerçekleştirmede ve ihtiyaçlarını olabildiğince gidermede tarımda önemlidirler. Bu araştırmalarda biyolojik gübre olarak kullanılabilecek bitki gelişimini teşvik edici on bir farklı bakteri suşunun arpa gelişimi üzerine etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Uygulama olarak (1) kontrol (bakteri ve mineral gübre uygulanmamış), (2) Bacillus megaterium, (3) Paenibacillus polymyxa, (4) Bacillus subtilis, (5) Bacillus atrophaeus, (6) Arthrobacter agilis, (7) Brevibacillus choshinensis, (8), Arthrobacter viscosus, (9) Pantoea agglomerans, (10) Bacillus pumilus, (11) Arthrobacter aurescens, (12) Micrococcus luteus ve (13) mineral NP (40 mg N ve 30 mg P kg toprak) seçilmiştir. Bakteri aşılamaları, arpa bitkisinde erken gelişme döneminde gövde ağırlığı, bitki yüksekliği, kök uzunluğu ve toplam kök sayısını etkilemiştir. Bakterilerin bitki gelişimine etkisi aşılama yapılan bakteri ırkı ve değerlendirilen parametrelere bağlı olarak değişmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları B. megaterium, Ar. agilis, Ar. viscosus, Pb. polymyxa, B. pumilus ve Ar. aurescens gibi etkin izolatların organik ve sürdürülebilir tarımda biyolojik gübre olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir

Increased organic acid production and decreased phytate phosphorus by high level of water content of Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-6737 fermentation of soybean meal

In order to enrich soybean meal (SBM) by microbial fermentation, SBM (3 mm particle size) with 78 or 85% moisture content were inoculated with 0.0 or 1x107 CFU/g (colony forming unit) Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-6737 and fermented at 37 oC for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. There was a marked decrease in pH with 85% moisture content, associated at higher organic acid production, compared to increased pH at 24 h with 78% moisture content and a gradual decrease hereafter. Bacterial growth peaked at 48 h with both moisture contents. Fermenting SBM increased crude ash level by 65%, soluble amino acid nitrogen by 2.7 folds and degraded phytic acid by 65-75%. Moreover, there was a high level of organic acid production despite of decreased crude protein by 6-7%, but the effect of high moisture level was more pronounced in all case. In conclusion, fermentation SBM with water content of 85% at 35 oC by B. subtilis provided SBM an appreciable amount of bio-functionalities such reduced phytate content, increased soluble amino acid content and more importantly fortified with organic acids. The fermented SBM can therefore be used an antimicrobial agent due to its high organic acid level in animal nutrition

Nutritional Fortification of Sunflower Meal by Bacillus Subtilis ATCC PTA-6737 Fermentation

Sunflower meal with 3 mm particle size (SFM) with 66 or 80% moisture content was inoculated with 1x107 cfu (colony forming unit/g) of Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-6737 and fermented for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. The pH was increased from 5.75 to 9.1 of SFM fermented at both moisture levels with no significant changes in organic acid production. The bacterial growth was peaked at 24 h. Dry matter and crude fibre contents of SFM decreased by 10-13 and 18%, respectively. In contrary, the amount of crude protein, crude ash and soluble amino acid nitrogen increased by 36, 61% and 145%, respectively, with no regard to the effect of moisture content. Phytic acid was degraded up to 42% at both level of moisture content. In conclusion, SFM was enriched with ash and protein and lowered in fibre and phytic acid contents, and can be used as alternative feed material in animal nutrition

Isolated Intracranial Extramedullary Hematopoiesis in an Adult Patient

This article describes the case of a 56-year-old male patient who presented with a headache and swelling on the left side of his head. Medical examinations, including non-contrast computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), revealed the presence of an expansile soft tissue lesion in the frontoparietal bone structures, causing compression of the brain tissue. Further immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis of extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) in the bone lesion, with predominant involvement of the myeloid series. EMH is a compensatory mechanism of the body to meet the demand for erythropoiesis. While EMH is commonly associated with thalassemia in children and myelofibrosis in adults, it can occur in various tissues throughout the body, including the intracranial region, although it is rare. The imaging findings of EMH on MRI typically show iso-hypointense signals on T1-weighted images and hypointense signals on T2-weighted images due to the presence of hemosiderin. However, in this case, the lesions appeared hyperintense on T2-weighted images, which posed a challenge in the differential diagnosis. The article highlights the importance of clinical evaluation and imaging findings in diagnosing EMH, as these lesions can resemble other conditions such as metastases, angiomatous meningioma, chloroma, or epidural hematoma. Teaching Point: Isolated cases of intracranial EMH should be considered as a differential diagnosis in adult patients as they may be radiologically confused with malignant conditions such as metastases, angiomatous meningioma, chloroma or epidural hematoma

Naiv hepatit C enfeksiyonlu hastaların on-altı yıllık prognozu

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical course of treatment-naive patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) who were followed up in various centers in Turkey. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study performed with the participation of 15 centers. Patients aged 18 years and older with HCV infection were included. Results: A total of 391 treatment-naive patients infected with HCV were included in this study. During the follow-up period, the final values of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and total protein were significantly decreased when compared to the initial values (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p=0.005, respectively). In the study group, 19.2% of the patients underwent liver biopsy and 4.1% underwent transient elastography (FibroScan). An increased histological activity index (HAI) score and fibrosis in the second biopsy were observed in one patient, only increased HAI in two patients and increased fibrosis in one patient, as shown on the FibroScan. In the 16 years of the study period, cirrhosis was radiologically detected in only one patient. Conclusion: Even if rapid progression is not observed, close monitoring of the clinical findings related to liver failure and fibrosis with invasive or non-invasive methods may be useful.Amaç: Bu çalışmada ülkemizin çeşitli merkezlerinde takip edilen naiv hepatit C virüs (HCV) ile enfekte hastaların klinik seyrini değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma retrospektif olarak 15 merkezin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya 18 yaş üstü, HCV enfeksiyonu olan hastalar dahil edilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmada 391 tedavi-naiv HCV enfeksiyonlu hasta yer almıştır. Hastaların takip süresinde son alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase ve total protein değerleri ilk düzeyine göre önemli düzeyde azalmıştır (sırasıyla p<0,001, p<0,001, p=0,005). Çalışma grubunda hastaların %19,2’sine karaciğer biyopsisi, %4,1’ine elastografi (FibroScan) uygulanmıştır. Takip esnasında bir hastada ikinci biyopside histolojik aktivite indeksi (HAI) ve fibroziste artma, iki hastada sadece HAI’da artma, birinde FibroScan ile fibrozis değerinde artma olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bir hastada 16 yıl içinde radyolojik olarak siroz saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Hızlı progresyon gözlenmemekle birlikte hastaların izleminde karaciğer yetmezliği ile ilgili klinik bulguların ve invaziv veya noninvaziv yöntemlerle fibrozisin yakın takibi yararlı olabilir

Mehmet Akif Ersoy and Questions of His Era

Mehmet Akif'in yaklaşık yirmi yıl devam eden meslek hayatı sırasıyla; İstanbul, Rumeli, Anadolu ve Arabistan'da geçmiştir. Mesleği, halkın her tabakasıyla yakından temas etmesine neden olmuştur. Memleketin muhtelif yerlerinde vazife yapması, halk ile kaynaşması kendisine toplumun meselelerini öğrenmek, sosyal hayattaki sıkıntıları tespit ve tahlil etmek imkânını vermiştir. Mehmet Akif Ersoy'un yaşadığı dönem göz önüne alınırsa Osmanlı Devleti'nin, dolayısıyla Türk milletinin en buhranlı günleri olduğu görülmektedir. XVIII. ve XIX. yüzyıllar, Osmanlı Devleti'nin muhtelif sebeplerden dolayı artık gücünü, medeniyetin, refahın dünyadaki temsilcisi olma vasfını kaybettiği dönemlerdir. Akif, devrinin meseleleriyle ilgili olarak kafa yormuş, milletinin dertlerini derdi bilmiştir. Akif, sadece şiir yazıp, etrafındakilere dinî konularda bilgi vermemiştir. O, milletinin karşı karşıya olduğu meseleleri tespit etmiş, bununla kalmamış, aynı zamanda onların sebeplerini ve çözüm yollarını da işaret etmiştirThe career of Mehmet Akif, which lasted almost twenty years, had passed in order at Istanbul, Rumeli, Anatolia and Arabia. With the requirement of his career, he contacted closely with the every layer of the public. His serving at the various places of the country, socializing with the people gave him the opportunity of learning the problems of the society, determine and analysis the difficulties in the social life. Considering the period which Mehmet Akif Ersoy lived; it is been seen that they were the most troublesome days of the Ottoman State, so of the Turkish nation. XVIII. and XIX. Centuries are the times which Ottoman State, because of various reasons, has lost its power, the characteristic of being the representative of the civilization and welfare in the world anymore. Akif cogitated about the problems of his period of and took up the issues pf his nation seriously. Akif not only wrote poem and gave information to the people around him about religion subjects but also determined the issues of his nation with their reasons and solution

Comparing vibrational spectroscopic method with wet chemistry to determine nutritional and chemical changes in solid state fermented oats grain (Avena sativa L.)

WOS:000882805400002This study aimed to monitor nutritional and chemical changes of oats grain by wet chemistry and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Oats grain fermented with or without inoculants of Aspergillus oryzae (AO), AO + Bacillus subtilis (C + D), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), and Lactobacillus salivarius (LBS) was first analysed by wet chemistry for chemical and nutritional compositions. Then, analysed values were predicted by FTIR spectroscopy based on partial least square regression (PLSR). Crude protein increased with LBS and AO fermentations. AO and SC fermentation reduced dietary fibre, tannin and phytic acid contents. Highest fibre degradation was obtained from LBS fermentation, and highest organic acid production from AO and C + D fermentations. In the determination of chemical and nutrient contents, the method performance characteristics of FTIR-PLSR was better than that of wet chemistry methods, with precision values of 0.15–9.5% and accuracy values of around 100% (R2 of 0.954–0.998 and standard error of prediction of 0.024–0.001). Furthermore, FTIR spectra deconvolution showed that oats starch had an overall 5–13% increased amorphous structure and 6–17% reduced proportion of crystalline structure due to the effect of fermentations. Fermentation lead to increased α-helix and side chain of peptides + amino acids, but decreased β-sheet and β-turn. Fermentation caused nutritionally and chemically valuable oats grain and FTIR-PLSR method produced a fast, non-destructive and robust determination

Nutritional enrichment of apple pomace by fungal fermentations

WOS:000536043600027This study tested effects of optimised fungal fermentation conditions on nutritional enrichments of apple pomace. Three fermentation experiments were conducted by using 2.5x10(6) spores of Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus), 2.5x10(6) spores of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) and without microorganisms per g substrate, respectively, for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days using a pilot bioreactor. At the end of each incubation period, 3 steril sample were analysed to determine microbial growth, pH and nutrient contents levels. The results indicated significantly increased crude ash and protein contents (P<0.05) as well as decreased crude fiber and reducing sugar contents of apple pomace by both fungal microorganisms (P<0.05). Crude fat content increased by P. ostreatus fermentation while P. chrysosporium fermentation reduced crude fat content (P<0.05). Tannin content reduced at all fermentation periods by P. ostreatus while P. chrysosporium fermentation increased tannin content (P<0.05). Pectin increased by both fungal fermentations, but the effect of P. ostreatus was greater (P<0.05). It was concluded that fungal fermentations caused to remarkable improvements of apple pomace in nutritional properties, which could of high importance in animal nutrition

Improving nutritional qualities of tomato pomace by pleurotus ostreatus and phanerochaete chrysosporium fermentation

WOS:000528189400028In this study, it was aimed to improve nutrient quality by fermenting tomato pomace with Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium). Tomato pomace was incubated for 21 days at optimized conditions of pH (3.50-5.50), temperature (24-28 oC), moisture content (68% w w(-)1), aeration (0,25 L min(-)1) and stirring rates (10 rpm). Three samples taken at each incubation time were chemically analyzed. The results indicated that fermentation with P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium significanly increased ash content by 25 and 21%, crude protein content by 16 and 30%, respectively (P<0.05). Fermentation with P. ostreatus decreased ether extract content from 7.22% to 0.29% at 21th day (P<0.05). However, there was an increase of ether extract content with P. chrysosporium fermentation (from 7.22 to 11.62% at 21 day) (P<0.05). Crude fiber of tomato pomace with P. chrysosporium were reduced by 64% (P<0.05). Both fungal fermentations reduced total reducing sugar content by about 30% (P<0.05). Fermentation with P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium significantly changed tannin and pectin levels (P<0.05). As a result, fungal fermentation caused to nutritionally enriched tomato pomace with added active compounds, and could be used as functional feed in animal nutrition.We gratefully acknowledged the TUBITAK, Turkey for their financial support of the study (VHAG: 214O629 1001 project)