Preparation And Properties Of Kenaf Bast Fiber Filled (Plasticized) Poly (Lactic Acid) Composites [QP801.B69 S947 2008 f rb].

Komposit poli(laktik asid) diplastik (p-PLA) terisi gentian kayu kenaf (KBF) telah disediakan dan dikaji secara berperingkat. Pertamanya, poli(laktik asid) (PLA) telah diperlembutkan dengan 5 hingga 20% berat poli(etilena glikol) (PEG) menggunakan pencampur dalaman. Kenaf bast fiber (KBF) filled plasticized poly(lactic acid) (p-PLA) composites was prepared and examined stage by stage in this study. Firstly, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was plasticized with 5 up to 20 wt% poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) via internal mixer

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation. Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion. Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation. Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3 Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation. Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion. Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation. Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3 Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers

Preparation And Properties Of Kenaf Bast Fiber Filled (Plasticized) Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites

Komposit poli(Iaktik asid) diplastik (p-PLA) terisi gentian kayu kenaf (KBF) telah disediakan dan dikaji secara berperingkat. Pertamanya, poli(Iaktik asid) (PLA) telah diperlembutkan dengan 5 hingga 20% berat poli(etilena glikol) (PEG) menggunakan pencampur dalaman. Adunan dengan 10% berat PEG dipilih sebagai matriks komposit kerana ia mempunyai kekuatan hentaman dan pemanjangan takat putus yang terbaik. Kedua, PLA dicangkuk maleik anhidrat (MAPLA) berjaya dihasilkan dengan 0.22% pencangkukan melalui kaedah pencangkukan reaktif Komposit p-PLA/KBF telah disebatikan di dalam pencampur dalaman dan diacuan mampat ke bentuk sampel ujian. Kandungan KBF diubah dari 10 hingga 40% berat. Pencirian telah dilakukan melalui ujian tensil dan hentaman, analisis mekanikal dinamik, penyerapan air, penanaman dalam tanah dan pencuacaan semulajadi. Pad a pembebanan 40% berat KBF, kekuatan tensil dan modulus masing-masing meningkat sebanyak 120% dan 213%, manakala pemanjangan takat putus dan kekuatan hentaman masing-masing menurun sebanyak 99% dan 52%, berbanding pPLA tidak terisi KBF. Kenaf bast fiber (KBF) filled plasticized poly(lactic acid) (p-PLA) composites was prepared and examined stage by stage in this study. Firstly, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was plasticized with 5 up to 20 wt% poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) via internal mixer. Blend with 10 wt% PEG was chosen as matrix for composite as it showed the best impact strength and elongation at break. Secondly, maleic anhydride grafted PLA (MAPLA) was successfully produced with 0.22% grafting using reactive grafting method, and used as a compatibilizer for the composite system. p-PLAlKBF composite was compounded via internal mixer and compression molded into test specimens. KBF loading was varied from 10 to 40 wt%. Characterization was done by means of tensile and impact testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, water absorption, soil burial and natural weathering. At 40 wt% KBF loading, tensile strength and modulus improved by 120% and 213% respectively, while strain at break and impact strength dropped by 99% and 52% respectively compared to neat p-PLA

Water Absorption And Tensile Properties Of Kenaf Bast Fiber- Plasticized Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites.

Abstract - Increasing awareness on the environmental safety coupled with new rules and regulations has forced manufacturers to consider biodegradable materials for their products.The aim of this work was to investigate tensile properties and water absorption behavior of biocomposites from kenaf bast fiber and poly(lactic acid).The composites were prepared by Haake internal mixer and compression molding

Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: a review on the evolution, properties and future

This review addresses the progress in waste tire recycling with a particular attention to incorporation of waste tire rubber (WTR) into polymeric matrices. Methods of waste tire downsizing, importance of WTR characterization and current practice of WTR modification has been emphasized. Detailed discussion on influence of WTR size, loading, modification, compatibilization and crosslinking on the rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of rubber, thermoplastic and thermoplastic elastomer blends utilizing WTR has been reported. By far, thermoplastic elastomer blends; though still in its infancy; has shown the most promising properties balance which is capable of commercialization. Rubber/WTR blends also show ease of processing and acceptable properties. Thermoplastic/WTR blends suffers in term of toughness and elongation at break. However, the waste thermoplastic/WTR is a viable solution to address polymeric waste problem. Review also highlights the lack of studies concentrating on dynamic mechanical, aging, thermal and swelling properties of WTR polymeric blends

Devulcanization of waste tire rubber using Amine Based Solvents and Ultrasonic Energy

This research project focuses on an alternative pathway of devulcanizing waste tire rubber by using amine based chemicals. Waste tire rubbers are known to be as toxic, non-degradable material due to their vulcanized crosslink carbon structure, and disposing of such waste could impose hazardous impacts on the environment. The current rubber recycling methods that are practiced today are rather uneconomical, nonenvironmentally friendly, and also producing recycled rubber with low quality due to the alteration in the main polymeric chains of waste rubber. This project aims to answer the question of whether the usage of amine can produce high quality rubber, where the properties of recycled rubber is almost the same as new/virgin rubber. With known potential of amine, it is a challenge for the chemical to selectively cleave the sulfur bonds without affecting the main carbon backbone chain in the rubber structure and diminishing much of the rubber properties. To study this research, aminetreated rubber must undergo devulcanisation process by applying heat and sonication energy. Then, the properties of the amine-treated rubber were determined through a set of characterization tests and analysis which are: gel content test to determine the weight of rubber before and after devulcanization, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the thermal degradation and stability of rubber, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine any structural change of the rubber. In this research so far, the first two preliminary analysis tests have been performed. The gel content test has shown that tertiary amine samples possessed a lower gel content (%) of (77 – 63 %), compared to primary amine samples (falls within the range of 80%), as well as the TGA test in which tertiary amine samples degrade faster than primary amine samples (suggesting a higher degree of rubber structure breakdown). For each type of amine, the concertation of amine did not play a major role in affecting the degree of devulcanization (as the concentration increased, the degree of devulcanization decreased for some samples). FTIR analysis showed that only sulphur-sulphur bonds were cleaved during the devulcanization process, leaving the carbon-sulphur bonds unaffected

Parametric study for devulcanization of waste tire rubber utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)

Waste rubber is a polymeric material containing 50% of rubber and is generally referred to as waste tyre rubber. The main purpose of this research is to study ultrasonic devulcanisation of waste rubber utilising deep eutectic solvent (DES) of ZnCl2:Urea by improving process parameters such as sonication time, reaction temperature and rubber: DES mass ratio by effectively cleaving cross-link sulphur bonds. DES was created and prepared by mixing ZnCl2 with urea at 2:7 and 1:4 molar ratios respectively. Physicochemical properties of the prepared DES was measured using DSC, KFT and TGA analysis to find the freezing point, moisture content and degradation temperature, whereby their freezing point below 60°C, moisture content lower than 3.0 wt.% and 200°C degradation temperature average. Rubber to DES mass ratio was varied at 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40 and sonicated for 15 minutes inside ultrasonic water-bath. Samples were placed onto hot plate whereby heating temperature was varied at room temperature, 130°C, 150°C, and 180°C for 15 minutes. Samples were filtered, washed with distilled water and dried in oven for 24 hours. Once dried, samples were taken for analysis using TGA, EDX, FESEM, FTIR and Gel content. Under TGA analysis, most samples have an average degradation temperature of 200°C, hence justifying a successful devulcanisation. EDX analysis shows two occurrences during devulcanisation process which is bond reformation and cleavage. Furthermore, it is determined that heating temperature of 130°C is an important parameter as it is the optimum temperature for ZnCl2:Urea. Under FTIR analysis, it shows that disulphide bond, S-S is the only bond that is being broken while the rest still remains the same. Gel content analysis showed that samples have a lower soluble fraction after devulcanisation process. Finally, FESEM proves that at 130°C and 15 minutes is the optimum temperature and time which is illustrated by the smooth surface at that particular point