'Slippage' : The Bane of Rural Drinking Water Sector (A Study of Extent and Causes in Andhra Pradesh)

Slippage is one of the main bottlenecks of achieving full coverage of water and sanitation services in India. Slippage is the term often used to reflect unsustainable service delivery of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, especially in rural areas. Off late slippage is attracting attention at the policy level though slippage is as old as the coverage of water supply services. This paper makes an attempt to identify the causes of slippage in a systematic manner. The broad objectives of the paper include : i) assess the extent of slippage at the national and state level; ii) identify the causes of slippage at various levels; and iii) provide some pointers for policy based on the analysis. The extent of slippage is quite substantial even at the aggregate level. The situation is alarming in some of the states where the extent of slippage is as high as 60 percent. Our analysis at the national, state and habitation levels suggests strongly that policy makers should look beyond the often repeated supply sided strategies. As evident from the experience of Andhra Pradesh, the demand side and governance factors play an equally, if not more, important role in addressing the sustainability issues. So far the experiences are that large investments in water sector would not automatically lead to increase in coverage. The sector also needs a sound policy and capacity so that money is spent effectively and leads to increased water security. The policy should also address resource sustainability and behavioural change goals instead of relying upon a one-sided target driven approach. These aspects are highlighted in the proposed guidelines and their effective implementation needs to be ensured.slippage, India, supply side strategies, policy

Evaluation of healing in asphalt binders using dynamic shear rheometer and molecular modeling techniques

A self-healing material has the inherent ability to partially reverse damage such as crack formation that might have occurred during its service. Significant evidence exists in the literature to indicate that asphalt binder is a self-healing material. It is also well known that healing has a substantial affect on the performance of asphalt mixtures and consequently on the serviceable life of asphalt pavements. For example, shift factors from laboratory experimental data to field observed data show that laboratory data underpredict field observations. There is a need to understand the mechanisms that are responsible for healing in asphalt binders as well as to develop test methods that can be used to determine properties related to these mechanisms. This thesis presents details and findings from a two-part study that addresses each one of these two aspects. In the first part of this study, a test method based on the use of a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) was developed to determine the parameters of characteristic healing function of asphalt binders. In the second part of this study, Molecular Modeling (MM) techniques were used to determine the interrelationship between molecular structure, surface free energy, self diffusivity, and other healing properties of asphalt binders.The healing characteristic equation parameter (Ro) which represents the instantaneous healing nature of the asphalt binders is analogous to surface energy in terms of effect on healing in asphalt binders. Ro values for three asphalt binders AAM, AAD and ABD are calculated and compared with the surface energy values available from the literature. It was observed that the Ro values are proportional to surface energy values. Surface energy values for five asphalt binders AAM, AAD, AAB, AAG and AAF are calculated using MM method based on SHRP representative molecules. These values were observed to be proportional to the surface energy values from literature. Bulk and surface diffusion coefficients of asphalt molecules are calculated using MM method. Parametric analysis was done to determine the effect of chemical structure of asphalt on its diffusion properties. It was observed that the higher percentage of saturates in the chemical structure results into higher diffusion coefficients

Using RRC Algorithm Classify the Proteins and Visualize in Biological Databases

Visualize biological database for protein is very complicated without Classify the protein properties.Protein classification is one of the major application of machine learning algorithms in the field of bio-informatics.The searching classification model works in two steps.Firstly, the correlation based feature selection for protein classification will be taken and strongly correlated features will be considered for classification using MST based . In second step, using Robust Regression, the classification will be performed. Based on results of RRC algorithm, it is highly has classification ratio than traditional machine learning algorithms such as SVM, Na�ve-bayes , Decision Trees

Using RRC Algorithm Classify the Proteins and Visualize in Biological Databases

Visualize biological database for protein is very complicated without Classify the protein properties.Protein classification is one of the major application of machine learning algorithms in the field of bio-informatics.The searching classification model works in two steps.Firstly, the correlation based feature selection for protein classification will be taken and strongly correlated features will be considered for classification using MST based . In second step, using Robust Regression, the classification will be performed. Based on results of RRC algorithm, it is highly has classification ratio than traditional machine learning algorithms such as SVM, Na�ve-bayes , Decision Trees

InCl3-​assisted synthesis and cytotoxic studies of some novel heteroaryl thiazoles

Heteroaryl thiazoles were synthesized by the Hantzsch reaction of various α-​bromoketones with aryl thioureas using InCl3 as a catalyst in a shorter reaction time. The synthesized compds. were characterized and screened for their in-​vitro cytotoxic activity against DAL and EAC cells. Compd. I was found to be most effective against DAL cell lines with IC50 value of 15.76 μg​/mL. Compd. II was found to be most effective against EAC cells with IC50 value of 28.73 μg​/mL

Impacts of Brownian Motion, Thermophoresis and Ohmic Heating on Chemically Reactive Pulsatile MHD Flow of Couple Stress Nanofluid in a Channel

354-366In this study, the magnetohydrodynamic pulsatile flow of a couple stress nanofluid in a channel has been discussed in detail by adopting Buongiorno’s nanofluid model. The impacts of Brownian motion, thermophoresis, Ohmic heating, viscous dissipation and chemical reaction on heat, and mass transfer of blood based nanofluid are considered. The current concept is significant in the field of nano-drug supply, dynamics of physiological fluids, and biomedicines. The governing partial differential equations are converted into a set of ODEs (ordinary differential equations) by employing a perturbation scheme. The resulting non-dimensional system is numerically interpreted to determine the impact of various emerging parameters on flow variables by utilizing the shooting technique with the support of the Runge-Kutta procedure. The outcomes reveal that the temperature rises with the magnifying viscous dissipation, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis parameters, whereas the opposite trend can be seen with an escalation in the couple stress parameter. Heat transfer rate is an accelerating function of Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters while it is a decelerating function of couple stress parameter and Hartmann number. Mass transfer rate declines with increasing values of thermophoresis parameter and Lewis number

RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT PREDICTIVE APPROACH TO SOFTWARE TESTING USING MATHEMATICAL MODELING

ABSTRACT The main objective of any software testing is to improve software reliability. Many of previous testing methods did not pay much attention towards how to improve software testing strategy based on software reliability improvement. The reason to it as the relationship between software testing and software reliability is a very complex task and this is because due to the complexity of software products and development processes involved in it. However any Testing strategy of software in order to improve reliability must need to possess the ability to predict that reliability. For this purpose an approach is used called Model predictive control, which provides a good framework to improve that predictive effect. T h e r e i s an n main issue in model predictive control is that how to estimate the concern parameter. In this case, Empirical Bayesian method is used to estimate the concern parameter: Reliability. This proposed reliability improvement predictive approach to software testing using Empirical Bayesian method can optimize test allocation scheme on line. In this the case study shows that it is not definitely true for a software testing method that can find more defects than others can get higher reliability. And the case study also shows that the proposed approach can get better result in the sense of improving reliability than random testing

A study on thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermo effects in a two-dimensional viscous flow between slowly expanding or contracting walls with weak permeability

The present study investigates the thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermo effects of a viscous fluid in a two-dimensional channel between slowly expanding or contracting walls with weak permeability. Assuming symmetric injection or suction along the uniformly expanding porous walls and using similarity transformation, the governing flow equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The resulting equations are then solved analytically using a perturbation technique in permeation Reynolds number and wall dilation ratio. The effects of various physical parameters on flow variables have been discussed numerically and explained graphically