Studies on properties and estimation problems for modified extension of exponential distribution

The present paper considers modified extension of the exponential distribution with three parameters. We study the main properties of this new distribution, with special emphasis on its median, mode and moments function and some characteristics related to reliability studies. For Modified- extension exponential distribution (MEXED) we have obtained the Bayes Estimators of scale and shape parameters using Lindley's approximation (L-approximation) under squared error loss function. But, through this approximation technique it is not possible to compute the interval estimates of the parameters. Therefore, we also propose Gibbs sampling method to generate sample from the posterior distribution. On the basis of generated posterior sample we computed the Bayes estimates of the unknown parameters and constructed 95 % highest posterior density credible intervals. A Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out to compare the performance of Bayes estimators with the corresponding classical estimators in terms of their simulated risk. A real data set has been considered for illustrative purpose of the study.Comment: 22,

Leachate treatment technique utilizing fly ash as a low cost sorbent

This study was carried out to design a system for the inexpensive treatment of ash pond effluent or leachate. Twelve different coals were burned in three different types of coal fired boilers to determine the influence of coal composition, ash fusion temperatures, boiler additives, combustion conditions and co-firing of natural gas or oil with the coal, on the composition of the fly ash and bottom ash as well as the leaching and sorbate characteristics of the fly ash produced. The trace elemental analysis consisting of Ti, Cd, Sn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr. Zn, Mn, Ba, and V in the twelve coals and their respective fly and bottom ashes. In addition, the leaching characteristics of the fly ashes with respect to pH, Cd, B, Sn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe have been defined. The results indicate that in the combustion of low ash fusion coals, the Sn, Ni, Mo, Cu, Cr and Mn tend to concentrate in the bottom ash, whereas the Ti, Zn and Ba tend to concentrate in the fly ash. For the high fusion coal, Sn, Cd, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr, Ba and V in the parent coal concentrate in the bottom ash and Ti, Ni, Zn and Mn in the fly ash. An increase in boiler temperatures were observed to favor lower concentrations of the above trace elements in fly ash particles produced from low ash fusion coals. Also, smaller fly ash particles were found to contain higher concentrations of the above trace elements when compared to that present in larger fly ash particles produced from the same coal. The addition of the additive LPA-40 (which contains sulfur compounds to alter the sensitivity of the fly ash) to the combustion gases appears partially responsible for the amount of sulfur found on the surface of the fly ash particles. Leaching of Cd, B, Sn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr, Zn, Mu and Fe from the fly ash was found to be directly proportional to (1) the amount of these trace elements present in the fly ash, (2) decrease in pH, (3) decreases in boiler temperatures and (4) increases in ash fusion temperatures. Fly ash particles which in general leached the least amount of the above elements exhibited the best sorbate characteristics

Pengaruh Penerapan Strategi Belajar Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Ricete, Riview terhadap Keterampilan Membaca Siswa SD

The purpose of the research is to analyse the effect of the USAge of learning strategies preview, question, read, reflect, ricete, review on fifth grade child story reading students' skills in 15th state elementary school in south Pontianak. The method that has been used was experiment method with forms of Pre-experimental design in the stake one group pretest posttest design. Research population of the entire fifth grad consists of 24 students in 15thstate elementary school in south Pontianak. The research sample was a class sample that is class fifth. Based on the result of data analysis, the mean of pre test was 63,26 and the mean of post test was 69,56. The hypothesis test result using t-test (Polled Variance) with dk 22 on 5 % significant level as known as table t = 1,717 obtained count (table t = 1,717). Then Ha accepted and Ho rejected. It could be conclude that there is an learning strategies preview, question, read, reflect, ricete, review on fifth grade child story reading students' skills in 15th state elementary school in south Pontianak. The result of the calculation on the effect size is 1,02 (high criteria). It means that the USAge of learning strategies preview, question, read, reflect, ricete, review gave high influence (effect) on fifth grade child story reading students' skills in 15th state elementary school in south Pontianak

Effects of sublethal doses of gossypol on haematological properties and biochemical metabolites of male rabbit

[EN] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two sublethal doses of gossypol (GOS) (4 and 20 mg/kg of body weight), administered every other day, on some haematological, biochemical, enzymatic and electrolytic properties and amino and fatty acids in male rabbit blood plasma. The experiment lasted for 16 wk and included two phases: 1) administration period; rabbits were given the experimental doses of GOS for 8 wk; and 2) recovery period; rabbits were allowed 8 wk for complete withdrawal of drugs from the plasma. Results showed that low levels of gossypol increased (P<0.01) haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and white blood cells compared to control. Plasma total protein was increased (P<0.01) by the low GOS dose in both experimental phases. Likewise, glucose concentration was increased (P<0.01) by the high GOS dose during the recovery period. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes were increased (P<0.01) by the high dose of GOSRamadan, T.; Rashad, A. (2019). Effects of sublethal doses of gossypol on haematological properties and biochemical metabolites of male rabbit. World Rabbit Science. 27(4):237-248. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2019.11253OJS237248274Abou-Donia M.B. 1976. Physiological effects and metabolism of gossypol. Residue Rev., 61: 125-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9401-3_5Arieli A. 1998. Whole cottonseed in dairy cattle feeding: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 72: 97-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00169-7Armstrong W.D., Carr C.W. 1964. Physiological Chemistry Laboratory Directions. 3rd ed. Burges Publishing Co., Minneapolis, MN.Association of Official Analytical Chemists 1995. Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.Barham D., Trinder P. 1972. Improved colour reagent for determination of blood glucose by oxidase system. Analyst, 44: 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1039/an9729700142Barraza M.L., Coppock C.E., Wilks K.N., Aunders D.L., Latimer G.L. 1991. Iron sulfate and feed pelleting to detoxify free gossypol in cotton seed diets for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3457-3467. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78536-6Beradi L.C., Goldblatt L.A. 1980. Gossypol. In: Liener, I.E. (Ed.), Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs. Academic Press, New York, 183-237.Boatner C.H. 1948. Pigments of cottonseed. In: Cottonseed and cottonseed products. Their chemistry and chemical technology (ed. A. E. Bailey). Wiley (lnterscience), New York.Braham J.E., Bressani R. 1975. Effect of different levels of gossypol on transaminase activity, on nonessential to essential amino acid ratio, and iron and nitrogen retention in rats. J. Nutr., 105: 348-355. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/105.3.348Chadha S., Sanyal S.N., Kanwar U. 1988. Effects of gossypol acetic acid on the absorptive and digestive functions of rat intestine. Biochem. Int., 17: 1117-1133.Colin-Negrete J., Kiesling H.E., Ross T.T., Smith J.F. 1996. Effect of whole cottonseed on serum constituents, fragility of erythrocyte cells, and reproduction of growing Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci., 79: 2016-2023. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76574-8Cui G.H., Xu Z.L., Yang Z.J., Xu Y.Y., Xue S.P. 2004. A combined regimen of gossypol plus methyl testosterone and ethinyl estradiol as a contraceptive induces germ cell apoptosis and expression of its related genes in rats. Contraception, 70: 335-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.02.020Danke R.J., Tillman A.D. 1965. Effects of free gossypol and supplemental dietary iron on blood constituents of rats. J. Nutr., 87: 493-498. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/87.4.493De Peyster A., Hyslop P.A., Kuhn C.E., Sanerhelser R.D. 1986. Membrane structural/functional perturbations induced by gossypol. Effect on membrane order liposome permeability, and insulin-sensitive hexose transport. Biochem. Pharmacol., 35: 3293-3300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(86)90426-0Doumas B.T., Watson W.A., Biggs H.G. 1977. Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clin. Chim. Acta, 31: 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(71)90365-2El-Mokadem M.Y., Taha T.A., Samak M.A., Yassen A.M. 2012. Alleviation of reproductive toxicity of gossypol using selenium supplementation in rams. J. Anim. Sci., 90: 3274-3285. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4545El-Mokadem M.Y., Taha T.A., Samak M.A., Yassen A.M. 2013. Counteracting the hematological toxicity of gossypol by using selenium supplementation in rams. Small Rumin. Res., 114: 86-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.06.005Folch J., Lees M., Sloane-Stanley G.H. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509.Fornes M.W., Barbieri A. M., Burgos M.H. 1993. Sperm motility loss induced by gossypol: Relation with OH scavengers, motile stimulators and MDA production. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co., 195: 1289-1293. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1993.2183Frings C.S., Fendley T.W., Dunn R.T., Queen C.A. 1972. Improved determination of total serum lipids by the sulfo-phosphovanillin reaction. Clin. Chem., 18: 673-674.Gadelha I.C., Fonseca N.B., Oloris S.C., Melo M.M., Soto-Blanco B. 2014. Gossypol toxicity from cottonseed products. Sci. World J., 2014: 231635. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/231635Gassner F.X., Hopwood M.L. 1952. Seminal amino acid and carbohydrate pattern of bulls with normal and abnormal testes function. In Proc.: Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 81: 37-43. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-81-19771Hadley M.A., Lin Y.C., Dym M. 1981. Effect of Gossypol on the Reproductive System of Male Rats. J. Androl., 2: 190-199.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1981.tb00615.xHamilton P.B. 1962. Ion exchange chromatography of amino acid. Micro determination of free amino acid in serum. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci., 102: 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13625.xHammerstedt R.H. 1993. Maintenance of bioenergetic balance in sperm and prevention of lipid peroxidation: a review of the effect on design of storage preservation systems. Reprod. Fertil. Develop., 5: 675-690. https://doi.org/10.1071/rd9930675Hartree E.F., Mann T. 1961. Phospholipids in ram semen: metabolism of plasmalogen and fatty acids. Biochem. J., 80: 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0800464Haspel H.C., Ren Y.F.,Watanabe K.A., Sonnenberg M., Corin R.E. 1984. Cytocidal effect of gossypol on cultured murine erythroleukemia cells is prevented by serum protein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 229: 218-225.Herman D.L., Smith F.H. 1973. Effect of bound gossypol on the absorption of iron by rats. J. Nutr., 103: 882-889. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/103.6.882Huang W.M., Urthaler F. 1986. The direct negative inotropic effect of gossypol. J. Ethnopharmcol., 17: 31-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90071-1Javed M.H., Waqar M.A. 1995. Protective effect of histidine by inhibition of gossypol on rat's liver LDH-5. Biochem. Soc. T., 23: 626S. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst023626sJones L.A. 1991. Definition of gossypol and its prevalence in cottonseed products. In: Cattle Research with gossypolcontaining feeds; Jones, L.A., Kinard, D.H., Mills, J.S., Eds.; National Cottonseed Products Association: Memphis, TN, 1-18.Kanwar U., Kaur R., Chadha S., Sanyal S. 1990. Gossypol induced inhibition of glucose uptake in human ejaculated spermatozoa may be mediated by lipid per oxidation. Contraception, 42: 573-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(90)90084-9Kates M. 1972. Techniques of lipidology: isolation, analysis and identification of lipids. In: Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology (ed. TS Work and E Work), 446-465. North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.Lin Y.C., Sanbuissho A., Coskun S., Rikihisa Y. 1994. Inhibition of in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development in hamsters by gossypol. Life Sci. 55: 1139-1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(94)00242-8Lindsey T.O., Hawkins G.E., Guthrie L.D. 1980. Physiological responses of lactating cows to gossypol from cottonseed meal rations. J. Dairy Sci., 63: 562-573. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(80)82972-9Liu G.Z., Chiu-Hinton K., Cao J.A., Zhu C.X., Li B.Y. 1988. Effects of K salt or a potassium blocker on gossypolrelated hypokalemia. Contraception, 37: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(88)90121-7Lohiya N.K., Sharma K., Kumar M., Sharma S. 1990. Limitations in developing gossypol acetic acid as a male contraceptive. Contraception, 41: 519-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(90)90061-yMann T. 1964. The biochemistry of semen and of the male reproductive tract, 166. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Mann T., Lutwak-Mann C. 1981. Biochemistry of spermatozoa: chemical and functional correlations in ejaculated semen. In: Male reproductive function and semen. In: Themes and trends in physiology and biochemistry and investigative andrology (ed. T Mann and C Lutwak-Mann), 185-268. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1300-3_8McDonald P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D. 1995. Animal Nutrition, fifth ed. Longman Singapore Publisher Pte, Ltd., UK.Mills S.C., Scott T.W. 1969. Metabolism of fatty acids by testicular and ejaculated ram spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fertil., 18: 367-369. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0180367Moon D.O., Choi Y.H., Moon S.K., Kim W.J., Kim G.Y. 2011. Gossypol decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression via suppression of NF-kappa B activity. Food Chem. Toxicol., 49: 999-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.01.006Moon D.O., Kim M.O., Lee J.D., Kim G.Y. 2008. Gossypol suppresses NF kappaB activity and NF-kappaB-related gene exp ression in human leukemia U937 cells. Cancer Lett., 264: 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.030Morris I.D., Higgins C., Matlin S.A. 1986. Inhibition of testicular LDH-X from laboratory animals and man by gossypol and its isomers. J. Reprod. Fertil. 77: 607-612. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0770607Muzaffaruddin M., Saxena E.R. 1966. Physiocochemical studies on the composition and stability of metal-gossypol complexes. I. Fe+++gossypol complex. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 43: 429-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02682406Nikokyris P., Kandylis K., Deligiannis K., Liamadis D. 1991. Effects of gossypol content of cottonseed cake on blood constituents in growing-fattening lambs. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 4305-4313. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78625-6Nomeir A.A., Abou-Donia M.B. 1985. Toxicological Effects of Gossypol. In: Lobl, T.J., Hafez, E.S.E., eds. Male fertility and its regulation. London: MTP Press, 111-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4894-5_9Pomeranz Y., Meloan C.E. 1978. Food analysis: theory and practice. Revised edition, pp. 335-353. AVI Publishing Company, INC, Connecticut, USA.Porat O. 1990. Effects of gossypol on the motility of mammalian spermatozoa. Mol. Reprod Dev., 25: 400-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080250414Przybylski P., Pyta K., Remlein D., Schroeder G., Brzezinski B., Bartl, F. 2009. Antifungal activity of alkyl and heterocyclic aza-derivatives of gossypol as well as their complexes with NaClO4 against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19: 1996-2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.051Radloff R.J., Deck L.M., Royer R.E., Vander J., David L. 1986. Antiviral activities of gossypol and its derivatives against herpes simplex virus type II. Pharmacol. Res. Commun., 18: 1063-1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-6989(86)90023-8Radwan S.S. 1978. Coupling of two dimensional thin layer chromatography with gas chromatography for the quantitative analysis of lipid classes and their constituent fatty acids. J. Chromatograph. Sci., 16: 538-542. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.11.538Randel R.D., Chase C.C., Wyse Jr., S.J. 1992. Effects of gossypol and cottonseed products on reproduction of mammals. J. Anim. Sci., 70: 1628-1638. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.7051628xReitman S., Frankel S. 1957. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic pyruvic transaminases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 28: 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56Reyes J., Wyrick S.D., Borriero L., Benos D.J. 1986. Membrane actions of male contraceptive gossypol tautomers. Biochim. Biophys Acta. 863: 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(86)90391-3Risco C.A., Holmberg C.A., Kutches A. 1992. Effects of graded concentrations of gossypol on calf performance: toxicological and pathological considerations. J. Dairy Sci., 75: 2787-2798. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)78042-4SAS 2004. SAS User Guide: Statistics, version 8 Edition. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.Schalm O.W., Jain N.C., Carroll E.J. 1975. Veterinary Hematology, third ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.Setchell B.P., Hinks N.T., Voglmayr J.K., Scott T.W. 1967. Amino acids in ram testicular fluid and semen and their metabolism by spermatozoa. Biochem. J., 105: 1061-1065. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1051061Shelley M.D., Hartley L., Groundwater P.W., Fish R.G. 2000. Structure activity studies on gossypol in tumor cell lines. Anti-Cancer Drug, 11: 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001813-200003000-00009Solamin S.G., Gurung N.K., McCrary Q., Goyal H., McElhenney W.H. 2009. Feeding performance and blood parameters of male goat kidsfed Easi Flo cottonseed. Small Anim. Res., 81: 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.013Soto-Blanco B. 2008. Gossipol e fatores antinutricionais da soja. In: Spinosa H.S., Górniak S.L., Palermo Neto J. (Eds.), Toxicologia Aplicada à Medicina Veterinária, Manole, Barueri, 531-545.Spackman D.H., Stein W.H., Morre S. 1958. Automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids. Anal. Chem., 30: 1190-1206. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60139a006Stewart P.M., Krozowski Z.S. 1999. 11 β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Vitam. Horm., 57: 249-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60646-9Stewart P.M., Wallace A.M., Valentino R., Burt D., Shackleton C.H.L., Edwards C.R.W. 1987. Mineralocorticoid activity of liquorice: 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency comes of age. Lancet. 10: 821-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91014-2Taha T.A., Shaaban W.F., EL-Mahdy A.R., EL-Nouty F.D., Salem M.H. 2006. Reproductive toxicological effects of gossypol on male rabbits: semen characteristics and hormonal levels. Anim. Sci., 82: 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1079/asc200632Taha T.A., Shaaban W.F., EL-Nouty F.D., Salem M.H. 2008. Molecular approach of gossypol-induced reproductive toxicity in male rabbits. Changes in seminal plasma amino acids and fatty acids. Animal, 2: 1346-1352. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731108002930Tyler A., Rothschild L. 1951. Metabolism of sea urchin spermatozoa and induced anaerobic motility in solutions of amino acids. In Proc.: Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 76: 52-58. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-76-18386Tyler A., Tanabe T.Y. 1952. Motile life of bovine spermatozoa in glycine and yolk citrate diluents at high and low temperatures. In Proc.: Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 81: 367-371. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-81-19878Velasquez-Pereira J., Risco C.A., McDowell L.R., Staples C.R., Prichard D., Chenoweth P.J., Martin F.G., Williams S.N., Rojas L.X., Calhoun M.C., Wilkinson N.S. 1999. Long-term effects of feeding gossypol and vitamin E to dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci., 82: 1240-1251. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75347-6Wang J.M., Tao L., Wu X.L., Lin L.X., Wu J., Wang M., Zhang G.Y. 1992. Differential binding of (+) and (-) gossypol to plasma protein and their entry into rat testis. J. Reprod. Fertil., 95: 277-282. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0950277Watson D. 1960. A simple method for the determination of serum cholesterol. Clin. Chim. Acta, 5: 637-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(60)90004-8Wintrobe M.M. 1965. Clinical Haematology, fourth ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.Wu D.F., Reidenberg M.M. 1990. Stereoselective interaction between gossypol and rat plasma. Contraception, 41: 377-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(90)90037-VWyse S.J., Velez J.A., Stahringer R.C., Greene L.W., Randel R.D. 1991. Effects of diets containing free gossypol on erythrocyte fragility and packed cell volume in cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 69: 43.Xue S.P. 1985. Gossypol contraception and mechanism of action. In: Lobl, T.J., Hafez E.S.E., eds. Male fertility and its regulation. London: MTP Press, 155-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4894-5_1

Recurrent neuro fuzzi controller power system stabilizer

Power system stabilizers (PSS) have been widely used to damp low frequency electromechanical oscillations which occur in power systems due to disturbances. If no adequate damping is available, the oscillation can increase and cause system separation. Power system stabilizers (PSS) are installed in power system generator to help the damping of power system oscillations. There are many approaches to enhance damping while extending the power stability limit. To improve power system stabilizer (PSS) design problem include optimal control ,adaptive and self-tuning control, PID control, robust control, variable structure control and intelligent control. In this paper the power stabilizer is based on Recurrent Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (RNFIS) design controller. In order to test the robustness of the proposed design procedure of the (RNFIS), simulations will be carried out for the three-phase to ground fault and 1- phase fault at the middle of one of the transmission line. After these simulations, we will compare the result between a lead-lag and recurrent neuro-fuzzy controllers to see their difference in disturbances. The optimal solutions will be compared where the expected result will show that the oscillations in time response of the machine speed and the rotor angle is damped more effectively when the recurrent neuro-fuzzy controller and applied to the system

Exploring Service Recovery and Justice Theory in the Libyan Airline Industry

The services industry is the fastest growing sector of the global economy, and central to its success. This research is concerned with observations of service recovery and its impact on customer satisfaction, and focuses on recovery after service failure, including factors such as compensation, speed, and apology, and their effect on customer perceptions of justice, including distributive, procedural and interactional justice. This exploratory and explanatory study seeks to provide information and understanding of the impact of service recovery and customer satisfaction on each other, by investigating the effect of service failure and recovery on customer perceptions of justice in two Libyan airlines. The theoretical framework of the study is derived from the literature, and is based on a set of interlinking relationships between elements of service recovery (apology, speed and compensation), their effect on customer perceptions of justice (interactional, distributive and procedural) and their logical outcome, which is customer satisfaction. Central to the framework is the conceptualisation of a model of service failure, perceptions of justice, and service recovery as a single continuous process which has as its outcome a level of customer satisfaction. The study starts from the theoretical view point that justice is a necessary component of customer satisfaction, and uses a questionnaire to collect data relevant to the three issues (service recovery, justice and customer satisfaction), which appear in the theoretical model. A total of 584 questionnaires were distributed to the customers of two Libyan airlines at Tripoli‟s international airport, collecting data customer perceptions of service failure recovery efforts. The statistical package SPSS was employed to analyse the raw data and the findings represent a set of relationships established between elements of service recovery and perceptions of justice. The study represents a contribution to knowledge about the relationships between service recovery and justice, using data collected in a developing country and in an industry of vital importance to national development yet opens to international competition. Theoretical and methodological contributions in the form of the study‟s model and questionnaire establish a basis for further research into this area in other developing countries and other industries