Thermal analysis of SUS 304 stainless steel using ethylene glycol/nanocellulose-based nanofluid coolant

Green cooling system usage in machining is getting favors to minimize the environmental effect such as pollutions. Around 20% of the machining cost is about coolant usage in flooded cooling technique. Even though coolant has a reasonably low cost, their handling and disposing cost are very high and also, threatening toxic contents, disposal of used coolant is a big problem as it can lead to hazardous effect to the machining operates as well as to the environment. As an alternative, a cooling technique known as minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) was introduced in the machining operation. For MQL technique, the coolant should exhibit superior properties which are effective in machining operation when compared with the conventional machining coolant which is metal working fluid (MWF). Owing to the technology advancements by nanotechnology in nanomaterial, the nanofluid is a promising coolant that can replace the conventional machining coolant. In the present work, ethylene glycol/nanocellulose-based nanofluid is evaluated in terms of its thermo-physical properties and its effectiveness in machining performances which is temperature distribution in cutting tool and compare its effectiveness with MWF. Its effectiveness is tested in turning machining operation of SUS 304 stainless steel using cemented tungsten-cobalt (WC-Co)-coated carbide cutting insert. The turning operation by using ethylene glycol/nanocellulose-based nanofluid coolant with 0.5 vol% which exhibit a superior thermal conductivity of 0.449 W/m K than 0.267 W/m K thermal conductivity of MWF at 30 °C. The recorded lower amount of heat transfer to the cutting tool is 863 J compared with 1130 J when using MWF. On the other hand, the maximum temperature reading recorded at chip formed by using MWF is 225 °C whereas by using nanofluid is 154 °C which promises lower temperature distribution to chip formed during the machining operation. Also, the functionality of nanofluid as a thermal transport during machining is proven via chip formation observation analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum analysis

Cellulose nanocrystals as a dispersant in thermal transport fluid : investigation of heat transfer analysis in automotive cooling system

The excess heat produced in an internal combustion engine is removed by mean of an automotive cooling system. A literature survey shows that improvement on fins and microchannel in the radiator already reaches it limitation and any further modification would not make any difference. On the other hand, it is reported that conventional thermal transport fluid has poor thermophysical property and another reason for low heat dissipation from engine. Thus, demand for thermal transport fluid with high thermophysical property is increasing as it able to enhance heat transfer performance. Besides, by using an improved thermal transport fluid, size of the radiator could be miniaturized which also reduces weight of the vehicle. Literally, it helps to improve engine performance of vehicle. Few decades ago, nanofluid is widely have been researched to be used in heat transport applications. Nanofluid is prepared by dispersing nano-scaled material into a basefluid which enhances thermophysical property. In this research, nanosubstance used was nanocellulose extracted from Western Hemlock plant at weight concentration of 8.0% to be used as novel thermal transport fluid in radiator. The nanosubstance is dispersed into ethylene glycol-distilled water mixture at volume ratio of 40:60, respectively. Heat transfer performance of nanofluid and conventional ethylene glycol-water mixture is compared in a fabricated radiator test rig. Nanofluid is prepared by using two-step preparation method. Stability of nanofluid is evaluated through qualitative and quantitative method. The stability results prove that nanofluid can be stable for more than a month. Thermophysical property measurement for nanofluid is measured for volume concentration of 0.1, 0.5, 0.9 and 1.3% at temperature ranged from 30oC to 80oC. Analysis from statistical tool shows that volume concentration 0.5% has an optimized thermophysical property and it had been used as nanofluid (thermal transport fluid) in radiator. Then, experiment for heat transfer performance comparison for nanofluid and conventional thermal transport fluid is conducted in the automotive radiator test rig. Experiment for heat transfer analysis is conducted under two different circumstances; without the influence of draft fan and with the influence of draft fan. The experiment result shows that experimental heat transfer coefficient, convective heat transfer, Reynolds number, Nusselt number has proportional relation with volumetric flow rate. Meanwhile, friction factor has inverse relation with the volumetric flow rate. Maximum convective heat transfer enhancement recorded is 66.85% for without the influence of fan circumstance and 55.27% with the influence of fan circumstance. Thus, nanofluid able to remove heat efficiently in automotive cooling system. On the other side, maximum heat transfer enhancement involving ratio of convective heat transfer against conductive heat transfer in radiator is 39.75% for without the influence of draft fan circumstance and 43.24% with the influence of fan circumstance. Besides, maximum thermal and hydraulic performance factor without and with the influence of fan is 2.15 and 2.28 respectively. Thus, nanocellulose based nanofluid is suitable for automotive cooling application since it has a better heat transfer performance than conventional thermal transport fluid

Elucidation and model development of thermal conductivity analysis for cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) based nanofluid

Enrichment of heat transfer rate will be useful in various engineering application. According to Fourier’s Law of Conduction, thermal conductivity has proportional relation with heat transfer rate. Most of the conventional thermal transport fluid has low thermal conductivity value which is not sufficient for massive heat removal. Since then, nanofluid becomes a promising remedy to produce thermal transport fluid which has ability to remove high thermal energy. The evolutionary of nanosubstance begins with usage of nanoparticle such as TiO2, SiO2 and Al2O3. Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) is a nano-scaled fibril that is extracted from plant. It is a renewable material which is also biodegradable. It leads to a green environment products. In this paper, thermal conductivity of CNC weight concentration of 7.4% dispersed in ethylene glycol-water mixture at 40:60 ratio is determined experimentally. Hence, effective thermal conductivity model is proposed by using statistical analytical tool, Minitab 17

Investigation of Dynamic Viscosity Through Experiment and Correlation Determination through Response Surface Methodology for Cellulose Nanocrystal (Cnc) Dispersed in Ethylene Glycol-Water Mixture

Heat-transfer enhancement has become a vital challenge in the field of thermal engineering. Due to their vast application in the thermal energy transfer, the researchers have found a latest method in enhancing the heat transfer performance by using nanofluid. Dispersion of nanosubstance not only enhances thermal conductivity but dynamic viscosity too. Viscosity enhancement is vital parameter that must be studied for the application purposes. It increases power consumption which reduces pump performance. In this paper, Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) a nano-scaled fibril extracted from Western Hemlock plant is used to study viscosity enhancement. Nanofluid developed from cellulose based nanosubstance leads to a renewable and green applications. CNC with 7.4% weight concentration is dispersed into ethylene glycol-water mixture at 40:60 ratio. Dynamic viscosity is measured experimentally and empirical model is developed for relative viscosity. Experiments is carried out for nanofluid with volume concentration up to 0.9%. Minitab 17, statistic analytical tool is used for the mathematical model development

Experimental investigation and empirical model development of thermal conductivity for cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) based nanofluid

Enhancement of heat transfer rate will be very helpful in various engineering application. According to Fourier’s Law of Conduction, thermal conductivity has proportional relation with heat transfer rate. Most of the conventional thermal transport fluid has low thermal conductivity value which is not sufficient for massive heat removal. Since then, nanofluid becomes a promising remedy to produce thermal transport fluid which has ability to remove high thermal energy. The evolutionary of nanosubstance begins with usage of nanoparticle such as TiO2, SiO2 and Al2O3. Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) is a nano-scaled fibril that is extracted from plant. It is a renewable material which is also biodegradable. It leads to a green environment products. In this paper, thermal conductivity of CNC weight concentration of 7.4% dispersed in ethylene glycol-water mixture at 40:60 ratio is determined experimentally. Hence, effective thermal conductivity model is proposed by using statistical analytical tool, Minitab 17

State of art of cooling method for dry machining

The usage of cutting fluid in the machining operations will not only poses health risk to the workers but also creates environmental challenges associated with fluid treatment and disposal. The objective of this review paper is to identify present cooling method in dry machining and novel feature than can be included in the cooling system for a better heat removal which tend to increase machining performance. From the review study, it shows that cooling method by internal manner is most widely been researched because researcher believes that it has a promising future in adaptive machining to produce a contamination free products which supports the green manufacturing concept. The suggested novel feature is ecologically desirable and it will become as a necessity for improving the performance of dry machining in the near future

State of Art of Cooling Method for Dry Machining

The usage of cutting fluid in the machining operations will not only poses a health risk to the workers but also creates environmental challenges associated with fluid treatment and disposal. In an effort to minimize these concerns, various cooling method have been reviewed and the comparison among them have been tabulated. Internal cooling system for dry machining has a promising future in adaptive machining to produce contamination free products. This paper also highlights the novel feature for cooling system to improve dry machining which uses the conventional turning machine. This developed novel feature is ecologically desirable and it will be considered as a necessity for dry machining in the near future

Thermophysical Properties Measurement of Nano Cellulose in Ethylene Glycol/Water

Nanofluids are the suspensions of solid nanoparticles in the liquids as base fluids. They have been the latest engineering material among the investigators as they exhibit promising enhanced thermal properties and many other possible developments. In this paper, experimental studies are conducted in the effort to measure the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanocellulose particles dispersed in ethylene glycol and water (EG-water) mixture with the weight concentration of 40/60% volume ratio. The experimental measurements are performed at various volume concentrations up to 1.3% and temperature ranging from 30°C to 70°C. The result demonstrates that as the measured temperature increases, thermal conductivities increases as well. The nanofluid has maximum thermal conductivity enhancement of 9.05% were found at 1.3% volume concentration when it is compared to the base fluid at 30°C. As expected, viscosity values increase when the volume fraction increases. However, viscosities of the nanofluids are found to be decreasing when the temperature increases. At 1.3% volume concentration and 30°C, nanofluid viscosity recorded the highest value, about 4.16 times of the base fluid. Finally, a new correlation with acceptable accuracy was proposed to predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids by using the obtained experimental dat