The Effect Of Combined Bleaching Techniques On Oral Microbiota

Aims : To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 10% and 37% carbamide peroxide during dental bleaching in three different modes. Materials and Methods : This five-week double-blind randomized controlled trial included 32 volunteers assigned to four groups (n = 8). Each group received bleaching agents or placebo as an in-office and at-home treatment. The dental bleaching techniques were: In-office bleaching (37% carbamide peroxide: CP37); at-home bleaching (10% carbamide peroxide: CP10) and the association of both (CP37 and CP10). Saliva samples were collected right before (baseline), right after, 12 hours after, and seven days after the treatment. Counts of total microorganisms, Streptococci, and Mutans streptococci were carried out. Friedman test ( = 0.05) was used to compare the microorganism counts. Results : The number of the all oral microorganisms remained stable during all experiment. Conclusions : No bleaching agent (CP37, CP10 or the combination of both) was able to reduce the oral microorganisms tested.203304307Sulieman, M., An overview of bleaching techniques: 2, Night guard vital bleaching and nonvital bleaching (2006) SADJ, 61, pp. 352-354. , 356Kihn, P.W., Vital tooth whitening (2007) Dent Clin North Am, 51, pp. 319-331. , viiiHaywood, V.B., Heymann, H.O., Nightguard vital bleaching (1989) Quintessence Int, 20, pp. 173-176Leonard Jr., R.H., Bentley, C., Eagle, J.C., Garland, G.E., Knight, M.C., Phillips, C., Nightguard vital bleaching: A long-term study on efficacy, shade retention side effects, and patients. Perceptions (2001) J Esthet Restor Dent, 13, pp. 357-369Fiedler, R.S., Reichl, R.B., Combined professional and home care nightguard bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth (2000) Gen Dent, 48, pp. 257-261Gurgan, S., Bolay, S., Alaçam, R., Antibacterial activity of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents (1996) J Endod, 22, pp. 356-357Bentley, C.D., Leonard, R.H., Crawford, J.J., Effect of whitening agents containing carbamide peroxide on cariogenic bacteria (2000) J Esthet Dent, 12, pp. 33-37Alkmin, Y.T., Sartorelli, R., Flório, F.M., Basting, R.T., Comparative study of the effects of two bleaching agents on oral microbiota (2005) Oper Dent, 30, pp. 417-423Dasanayake, A.P., Caufield, P.W., Cutter, G.R., Roseman, J.M., Köhler, B., Differences in the detection and enumeration of mutans streptococci due to differences in methods (1995) Arch Oral Biol, 40, pp. 345-351Groppo, F.C., Ramacciato, J.C., Simões, R.P., Flório, F.M., Sartoratto, A., Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms (2002) Int Dent J., 52, pp. 433-437Gold, O.G., Jordan, H.V., Van Houte, J., A selective medium for Streptococcus mutans (1973) Arch Oral Biol, 18, pp. 1357-1364Marshall, M.V., Cancro, L.P., Fischman, S.L., Hydrogen peroxide: A review of its use in dentistry (1995) J Periodontol, 66, pp. 786-796Li, Y., Toxicological considerations of tooth bleaching using peroxide- containing agents (1997) J Am Dent Assoc, 128, pp. 31S-36STredwin, C.J., Naik, S., Lewis, N.J., Scully, C., Hydrogen peroxide tooth- whitening (bleaching) products: Review of adverse effects and safety issues (2006) Br Dent J, 200, pp. 371-376Imlay, J.A., How oxygen damages microbes: Oxygen tolerance and obligate anaerobiosis (2002) Adv Microb Physiol, 46, pp. 111-153Scherer, W., Boylan, R., Bhatt, S., Vital bleaching agents and oral antiseptic: Effect on anaerobic bacteria (1992) J Esthet Dent, 4, pp. 84-85Gautier, G., Noguer, M., Costa, N., Canela, J., Viñas, M., Mouthrinses: A comparative microbiological study (2000) Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol, 42, pp. 23-29Ryan, C.S., Kleinberg, I., Bacteria in human mouths involved in the production and utilization of hydrogen peroxide (1995) Arch Oral Biol, 40, pp. 753-763Lemos, J.A., Abranches, J., Burne, R.A., Responses of cariogenic streptococci to environmental stresses (2005) Curr Issues Mol Biol, 7, pp. 95-107Marquis, R.E., Oxygen metabolism, oxidative stress and acid-base physiology of dental plaque biofilms (1995) J Ind Microbiol, 15, pp. 198-207Carlsson, J., Salivary peroxidase: An important part of our defense against oxygen toxicity (1987) J Oral Pathol, 16, pp. 412-416Thomas, E.L., Milligan, T.W., Joyner, R.E., Jefferson, M.M., Antibacterial activity of hydrogen peroxide and the lactoperoxidase- hydrogen peroxide-thiocyanate system against oral streptococci (1994) Infect Immun, 62, pp. 529-535Steinberg, D., Heling, I., Daniel, I., Ginsburg, I., Antibacterial synergistic effect of chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide against Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus (1999) J Oral Rehabil, 26, pp. 151-15

Antimicrobial Resistance Of Staphylococcus Aureus And Oral Streptococci Strains From High-risk Endocarditis Patients

This study sought to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylcoccus aureus and viridans group streptococci strains collected from the forearm skin and saliva of 30 patients at high risk of endocarditis. Agar susceptibility tests of antibiotics routinely utilized in dentistry were used to verify antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains. Of the Staphylcoccus aureus strains, 50% were resistant to ampicillin, 53.3% to amoxicillin, 60.0% to penicillin G, 13.3% to amoxicillin/clavulanate, 20.0% to azithromycin, 27.6% to clarithromycin, 23.3% to erythromycin, 3.3% to cefazolin, and 6.7% to clindamycin. Regarding streptococci, 16.7% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, 16.7% to amoxicillin, 23.3% to azithromycin, 23.3% to clarithromycin, 30.0% to erythromycin, 13.3% to cefazolin, 26.7% to clindamycin, 16.7% to penicillin G, and 3.3% to amoxicillin/clavulanate. Pathogens associated with bacterial endocarditis exhibited elevated resistance rates against the antibiotics used for prophylaxis in dentistry.536410413Benn, M., Hagelskjaer, L.H., Tvede, M., Infective endocarditis, 1984 through 1993: A clinical and microbiological survey (1997) J Intern Med, 242, pp. 15-22Mansur, A.J., Grinberg, M., Gallucci, S.D., Bellotti, G., Jatene, A., Pileggi, F., Infective endocarditis: Analysis of 300 episodes (1990) Arq Bras Cardiol, 54, pp. 13-21Ruiz Jr., E., Schirmbeck, T., Figueiredo, L.T., A study of infectious endocarditis in Ribeirao Preto, SP-Brazil. Analysis of cases occurring between 1992 and 1997 (2000) Arq Bras Cardiol, 74, pp. 225-231Dajani, A.S., Taubert, K.A., Wilson, W., Bolger, A.F., Bayer, A., Ferrieri, P., Gewitz, M.H., Zuccaro Jr., G., Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association (1997) Circulation, 96, pp. 358-366Moreillon, P., Que, Y.A., Infective endocarditis (2004) Lancet, 363, pp. 139-149Hogevik, H., Olaison, L., Andersson, R., Lindberg, J., Alestig, K., Epidemiologic aspects of infective endocarditis in an urban population. A 5-year prospective study (1995) Medicine, 74, pp. 324-339. , BaltimoreSandre, R.M., Shafran, S.D., Infective endocarditis: Review of 135 cases over 9 years (1996) Clin Infect Dis, 22, pp. 276-286McCartney, A.C., Changing trends in infective endocarditis (1992) J Clin Pathol, 45, pp. 945-948Carmona, I.T., Diz Dios, P., Scully, C., An update on the controversies in bacterial endocarditis of oral origin (2002) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 93, pp. 660-670Eykyn, S.J., The treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis (1987) J Antimicrob Chemother, 20 (SUPPL. A), pp. 161-171Petti, C.A., Fowler Jr., V.G., Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis (2002) Infect Dis Clin North Am, 16, pp. 413-435Roman, R.S., Smith, J., Walker, M., Byrne, S., Ramotar, K., Dyck, B., Kabani, A., Nicolle, L.E., Rapid geographic spread of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (1997) Clin Infect Dis, 25, pp. 698-705Farias, W.V., Sader, H.S., Lerne, I.L., Pignatari, A.C., Sensitivity pattern of 117 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from 12 hospitals (1997) Rev Assoc Med Bras, 43, pp. 199-204Perl, T.M., Golub, J.E., New approaches to reduce Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infection rates: Treating S. aureus nasal carriage (1998) Ann Pharmacother, 32, pp. S7-S16Herzberg, M.C., Meyer, M.W., Effects of oral flora on platelets: Possible consequences in cardiovascular disease (1996) J Periodontol, 67, pp. 1138-1142Baquero, F., Gram-positive resistance: Challenge for the development of new antibiotics (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother, 39 (SUPPL. A), pp. 1-6Martinez, F., Martin-Luengo, F., Garcia, A., Valdes, M., Treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus sanguis with different doses of teicoplanin (1994) Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 16, pp. 247-251Doern, G.V., Ferraro, M.J., Brueggemann, A.B., Ruoff, K.L., Emergence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance among viridans group streptococci in the United States (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40, pp. 891-894Levy, C.S., Kogulan, P., Gill, V.J., Croxton, M.B., Kane, J.G., Lucey, D.R., Endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant viridans streptococci: 2 Cases and controversies in therapy (2001) Clin Infect Dis, 33, pp. 577-579Hall, G.E., Baddour, L.M., Apparent failure of endocarditis prophylaxis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus mitis (2002) Am J Med Sci, 324, pp. 51-53Koneman, E.W., Allen, S.D., Janda, W.M., Schreckenberger, P.C., Winn, W.C., (1994) Introduction to Diagnostic Microbiology, Ed. 1, pp. 187-216. , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins(2002) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 22, pp. 50-69. , Document M100-S12Hoen, B., Platelets and platelet inhibitors in infective endocarditis (2002) Curr Infect Dis Rep, 4, pp. 299-303Tak, T., Reed, K.D., Haselby, R.C., McCauley Jr., C.S., Shukla, S.K., An update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of infective endocarditis with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus (2002) WMJ, 101, pp. 24-33Moore, P.A., Dental therapeutic indications for the newer long-acting macrolide antibiotics (1999) J Am Dent Assoc, 130, pp. 1341-1343Kohli, V., Infective endocarditis (2002) Indian J Pediatr, 69, pp. 333-339Scavizzi, M.R., Labia, R., Petitjean, O.J., Elbhar, A., Antimicrobial susceptibility test: From bacterial population analysis to therapy (2002) Int J Antimicrob Agents, 19, pp. 9-20Felten, A., Grandry, B., Lagrange, P.H., Casin, I., Evaluation of three techniques for detection of low-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A disk diffusion method with cefoxitin and moxalactam, the Vitek 2 system, and the MRSA-screen latex agglutination test (2002) J Clin Microbiol, 40, pp. 2766-2771Grignon, B., Tankovic, J., Megraud, F., Glupczynski, Y., Husson, M.O., Conroy, M.C., Emond, J.P., Fauchere, J.L., Validation of diffusion methods for macrolide susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori (2002) Microb Drug Resist, 8, pp. 61-66Chang, S.C., Hsieh, W.C., Liu, C.Y., High prevalence of antibiotic resistance of common pathogenic bacteria in Taiwan (2000) Diag Microbiol Infect Dis, 36, pp. 107-112. , The Antibiotic Resistance Study Group of the Infectious Disease Society of the Republic of ChinaSandor, G.K., Carmichael, R.P., Vasilakos, J.S., Revised American Heart Association guidelines for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis: Highlights of specific changes for the dental profession (1998) J Can Dent Assoc, 64, pp. 114-117Creighton, J.M., Dental care for the pediatric cardiac patient (1992) J Can Dent Assoc, 58, pp. 201-202Steckelberg, J.M., Melton III, L.J., Ilstrup, D.M., Rouse, M.S., Wilson, W.R., Influence of referral bias on the apparent clinical spectrum of infective endocarditis (1990) Am J Med, 88, pp. 582-588Jacobson, J.J., Patel, B., Asher, G., Woolliscroft, J.O., Schaberg, D., Oral staphylococcus in older subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (1997) J Am Geriatr Soc, 45, pp. 590-593Alcaide, F., Linares, J., Pallares, R., Carratala, J., Benitez, M.A., Gudiol, F., Martin, R., In vitro activities of 22 beta-lactam antibiotics against penicillin-resistant and penicillin-susceptible viridans group streptococci isolated from blood (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 39, pp. 2243-2247Teng, L.J., Hsueh, P.R., Chen, Y.C., Ho, S.W., Luh, K.T., Antimicrobial susceptibility of viridans group streptococci in Taiwan with an emphasis on the high rates of resistance to penicillin and macrolides in Streptococcus oralis (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother, 41, pp. 621-627Chayakul, P., Hortiwakul, R., Yipintsoi, T., Ingviya, N., Viridans streptococci in the oral flora of the patients at risk for infective endocarditis: Species and penicillin susceptibilities (2002) J Med Assoc Thai, 85, pp. 825-830Monroe, S., Polk, R., Antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance (2000) Curr Opin Microbiol, 3, pp. 496-501Seymour, R.A., Whitworth, J.W., Antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis, prosthetic joints, and surgery (2002) Dent Clin North Am, 46, pp. 635-65