Physostigmine (5 nM) effect on morphological defenses in dependence of <i>Chaoborus</i> and <i>Gasterosteus</i> kairomone (Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U comparison).

<p>(NT) neckteeth.</p><p>(ns) not significant.</p><p>(Effect) describes the overall increase or decrease of the observed treatment.</p

Atropine (5 µM) effect on morphological defenses in dependence of <i>Chaoborus</i> and <i>Gasterosteus</i> kairomone (Bonferroni- corrected Mann-Whitney U comparison).

<p>(NT) neckteeth.</p><p>(ns) not significant.</p><p>(Effect) describes the overall increase or decrease of the observed treatment.</p

Gabaergically modulated life history parameters.

<p>A: Body length in dependence of increasing <i>Gasterosteus</i> kairomone concentrations and GABA (15 µM). Body length is significantly reduced by GABA stimulation at high <i>Gasterosteus</i> kairomone concentrations (50% and 100%, Mann-Whitney U comparison p<0.01). B: Generation time is significantly increased by GABA stimulation at low and medium <i>Gasterosteus</i> kairomone concentrations (25% and 50%, Mann- Whitney U comparison p<0.01). C: The fecundity (number of eggs in the brood pouch) is significantly reduced by GABA stimulation at high <i>Gasterosteus</i> kairomone concentrations (75% and 100%, Mann- Whitney U comparison p<0.01).</p

Inducible morphological defenses against <i>Chaoborus</i> predation in the second juvenile instar.

<p>A: <i>Chaoborus</i> kairomone significantly increases neckteeth expression in juvenile <i>D. pulex</i>. B and C: No significant impact was observed on life history parameters at sexual maturity of <i>Chaoborus</i> exposed <i>D. pulex.</i> Body length (B) and number of neonates (C) is not significantly different from control groups. Plotted are medians and interquartile ranges. Bonferroni corrected significance levels: *p<0.025; **p<0.005; ***p<0.0005.</p

Life history shifts against <i>Gasterosteus</i> predatory cues at sexual maturity.

<p>A: In dependence of the <i>Gasterosteus</i> kairomone the body length is significantly increased. B: Time to reach maturity is significantly shortened and C: The number of neonates is significantly increased. Plotted are medians and interquartile ranges. Bonferroni corrected significance levels: *p<0.025; **p<0.005; ***p<0.0005.</p

Cholinergically modulated neckteeth expression.

<p>Neckteeth expression in dependence of increasing <i>Chaoborus</i> kairomone concentrations in combination with (A) physostigmine (5 nM) and (B) atropine (5 µM). Physostigmine significantly increases neckteeth expression at low (25%) kairomone concentrations. At high concentrations a maximal expression of neckteeth cannot be exceeded. Atropine significantly reduces neckteeth expression at high (100%) kairomone concentrations in comparison to lower (25%) concentrations. Plotted are medians and interquartile ranges.</p

GABA (15 µM) effect on morphological defenses in dependence of <i>Chaoborus</i> and <i>Gasterosteus</i> kairomone (Bonferroni- corrected Mann-Whitney U comparison).

<p>(NT) neckteeth.</p><p>(ns) not significant.</p><p>(Effect) describes the overall increase or decrease of the observed treatment.</p

Acropora_Sarmentosa_dryad

Acropora_Sarmentosa_drya

Acropora_Hyacinthus_dryad

Acropora_Hyacinthus_drya

Pocillopora_species_complex_dryad

Pocillopora_species_complex_drya