Neuropsychiatric effects of tenofovir in comparison with other antiretroviral drugs.

Tenofovir is a widely used antiretroviral medication indicated to treat adults and children infected with HIV. Current guidelines for the management of HIV infection recommend tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) as a component of the preferred first-line combination antiretroviral therapy. The efficacy, tolerability, prolonged half-life allowing for once-daily administration, and availability as a component of several fixed-dose formulations make TDF an attractive choice for treatment-naive and treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. TDF is also widely used as a component of postexposure prophylaxis in noninfected individuals. Most importantly, it has been recently approved for use as pre-exposure prophylaxis for noninfected adults and adolescents to reduce the risk of HIV transmission. With increasing use of TDF among adults and children, understanding of the potential for drug-associated side effects is important. This review focuses on the neuropsychiatric effects of tenofovir in adults and children with HIV infection in comparison with other antiretroviral drugs

Business plan - The Establishing of a Cafe

Hlavním cílem práce je sestavit Podnikatelský záměr, za účelem založení kavárny. Dílčím cílem pak bude popsat zde SWOT analýzu, PEST analýzu, Porterův model konkurenčních sil, marketingový mix a finanční plán.The main goal of this work is to assemble a Business plan, in order to in order to establish a cafe.. The sub-aim here will then be to describe the SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, porter's model of competitive forces, marketing mix and financial plan.

THE COMPARISON STUDY ON TWO-TYPES OF STUDENTS` PERSONALITY: SANGUINE AND PHLEGMATIC TOWARD THEIR ENGLISH SPEAKING ABILITY

The study is an attempt to find out the difference between Sanguine and Phlegmatic personality toward their speaking ability. The design in this study was comparative analysis design. The samples of this study were 44 students from Faculty of Law. Personality test was carried out to decide whether the students were categorized to the group of Sanguine or Phlegmatic. Furthermore, the researcher used personal description for monologue speaking technique for testing the students speaking skills. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula to investigate whether there was significant difference result between the Sanguine and the Phlegmatic students in their speaking skill. From the result of the study, it could be concluded that there was no significant different result between the Sanguine and the Phlegmatic students toward their speaking skill. It means, there were not any better students in speaking between both Sanguine and Phlegmatic students. Those two personalities, the Sanguine and the Phlegmatic students could perform better English speaking skill through their own personal way.Keywords:  Comparison Study, Sanguine, Phlegmatic, Speaking Abilit

Optimizing Antiretroviral Therapy in Children and Adolescents with HIV Infection

HIV infection became a newly recognized disease in the mid 1980s. High morbidity and mortality associated with it prompted the urgent development of new therapeutic agents and combination therapies. Throughout the next 20 years the hopes for cure have risen and fallen, and the vaccine research has failed to reach the evasive target of HIV prevention. It is the development and optimization of antiretroviral therapy (ART) that formed the roadmap for the universal control and prevention of existing and new infections, respectively. As with any new therapeutic modality, the data guiding the dosing, efficacy and safety of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for children have lagged substantially behind as compared to the information available for adults. An advanced PubMed search for "HIV pharmacokinetics", restricted to age groups of infant, child or adolescent, and all categories of original clinical studies (e.g. excluding reviews and other publication types) resulted in 326 citations. Removing any age restriction increased the number of citations to 1404. While one can argue about the absolute numbers and whether classification is appropriate for all publications in the PubMed database, the ratio is nonetheless significant and not surprising, with over four times as many pharmacokinetic (PK) studies conducted in HIV-infected adults than in children

THE EFFECT OF TIME CONSTRAINT ON STUDENT READING COMPREHENSION TEST PERFORMANCE IN NARRATIVE TEXT

The objective of this study was to know whether there is any effect between the time constraints of students when doing exams using (extended time) with students who take exams using (non-extended time). The sample used in this study amounted to 60 grade 11 students in SMA 03 Kaur. The method used in this research was the quantitative method and uses ex post facto design. In collecting data the author gives multiple-choice exam questions consisting of 50 questions, these are questions in the form of narrative texts. In analyzing the data, the authors used the Mann Whitney U-Test in SPSS 16.0. The results of this study indicate that the influence of time constraints on student examinations using extended time.

Hemorrhagic stroke in an adolescent female with HIV-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

HIV-1 infection can trigger acute episodes of Idiopathic Thrombocytoponic Purpura (ITP), and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP), particularly in populations with advanced disease and poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). These diseases should be distinguished because they respond to different treatments. Previous studies done in adults with HIV-TTP have recommended the prompt initiation or re-initiation of ART in parallel with plasma exchange therapy to improve the clinical outcome of these patients. Here, we describe a case of HIVTTP resulting in an acute hemorrhagic stroke in a 16 year old female with perinatally acquired HIV infection and non-adherence to ART, who presented with severe thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and a past medical history of HIV-ITP. Both differential diagnosis and treatments for HIV-ITP and HIV-TTP were considered simultaneously. A decrease in plasma ADAMTS13 activity (\u3c5%) without detectable inhibitory antibodies confirmed the diagnosis of HIV-TTP. Re-initiation of ART and plasma exchange resulted in a marked decrease in the HIV-RNA viral load, recovery of the platelet count, and complete recovery was achieved with sustained virologic suppression

Nanosized carbon forms in the processes of pressure–temperature-induced transformations of hydrocarbons

The products of thermal conversions of naphthalene, anthracene, pentacene, perylene, and coronene at 8 GPa in the temperature range up to 1300 C have been studied by scanning electron and high-resolution transmission electron microscopies. As a result, it has been established that various nanometer-sized carbon species (spherical and coalesced two-core onion-like carbon particles, faceted polyhedral particles, graphitic ribbons, graphitic folds, and nanocrystalline diamonds) are present in the conversion products together with micron-sized crystallites of graphite and diamond. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Experiences of adolescents and youth with HIV testing and linkage to care through the Red Carpet Program (RCP) in Kenya

Adolescents and youth living with HIV (AYLHIV) experience worse health outcomes compared to adults. We aimed to understand the experiences of AYLHIV in care in the youth-focused Red-Carpet program in Kenya to assess the quality of service provision and identify programmatic areas for optimization. We conducted focus group discussions among 39 AYLHIV (15–24 years) and structured analysis into four thematic areas. Within the HIV testing theme, participants cited fear of positive results, confidentiality and stigma concerns, and suggested engaging the community and youth in HIV testing opportunities. Within the HIV treatment adherence theme, participants cited forgetfulness, stigma, adverse side effects, lack of family support, and treatment illiteracy as barriers to adherence. Most participants reported positive experiences with healthcare providers and peer support. In terms of the HIV status disclosure theme, AYLHIV cited concerns about their future capacity to conceive children and start families and discussed challenges with understanding HIV health implications and sharing their status with friends and partners. Youth voices informing service implementation are essential in strengthening our capacity to optimize the support for AYLHIV within the community, at schools and healthcare facilities.</p

Interruptions of antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents with HIV infection in clinical practice: a retrospective cohort study in the USA.

INTRODUCTION: Changes in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) throughout childhood challenge the continuity of paediatric HIV treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of treatment interruption (TI), including lamivudine (3TC) monotherapy, and the relationship of TI to virologic and immunologic parameters in HIV-infected paediatric patients. METHODS: Nested within a prospective observational study of a city-wide cohort of HIV-infected persons in the District of Columbia, this sub-study collected retrospective data on antiretroviral therapy, enrolment (endpoint) and historic (lifelong) CD4 counts and HIV RNA viral load (VL) of the paediatric cohort. TI was defined as interruption of cART ≥4 consecutive weeks. Data on TI, including 3TC monotherapy TI (MTI), were collected. Descriptive statistics and univariate testing were used to compare children with TI and MTI to children on continuous treatment (CT). RESULTS: Thirty-eight (28%) out of 136 enrolled children (median age=12.9 years) experienced TI, with 14 (37%) of those placed on 3TC MTI. Significantly lower endpoint median CD4 counts (598 cells/mm(3) vs. 815 cells/mm(3); p=0.003) and CD4% (27.5% vs. 33%; p=0.006) were observed in the TI cohort as compared to the CT cohort. The median endpoint VL in the overall TI cohort was ~4 times higher than among the CT cohort (1427 copies/mL vs. 5581 copies/mL; p CONCLUSIONS: In our study, we observed high frequency of the TI in HIV in paediatric HIV clinical practice. All TIs, including 3TC MTI, were associated with significantly lower endpoint median CD4 counts and higher median VLs, as compared to CT in paediatric patients. The high frequency of TI and associated poor outcomes suggest a need for a better strategy in managing the course of the paediatric and adolescent cART