6,657 research outputs found
The Next-to-Simplest Quantum Field Theories
We describe new on-shell recursion relations for tree-amplitudes in N=1 and
N=2 gauge theories and use these to show that the structure of the S-matrix in
pure N=1 and N=2 gauge theories resembles that of pure Yang-Mills. We proceed
to study gluon scattering in gauge theories coupled to matter in arbitrary
representations. The contribution of matter to individual bubble and triangle
coefficients can depend on the fourth and sixth order Indices of the matter
representation respectively. So, the condition that one-loop amplitudes be free
of bubbles and triangles can be written as a set of linear Diophantine
equations involving these higher-order Indices. These equations simplify for
supersymmetric theories. We present new examples of supersymmetric theories
that have only boxes (and no triangles or bubbles at one-loop) and
non-supersymmetric theories that are free of bubbles. In particular, our
results indicate that one-loop scattering amplitudes in the N=2, SU(K) theory
with a symmetric tensor hypermultiplet and an anti-symmetric tensor
hypermultiplet are simple like those in the N=4 theory.Comment: 53 pages; (v2) reference to gravity dual and subsection on large N
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Four Point Functions of the Stress Tensor and Conserved Currents in AdS_4/CFT_3
We compute four point functions of the stress tensor and conserved currents
in AdS_4/CFT_3 using bulk perturbation theory. We work at treel level in the
bulk theory, which we take to be either pure gravity or Yang Mills theory in
AdS. We bypass the tedious evaluation of Witten diagrams using recently
developed recursion relations for these correlators. In this approach, the four
point function is obtained as the sum of residues of a rational function at
easily identifiable poles. We write down an explicit formula for the four point
correlator with arbitrary external helicities and momenta. We verify that,
precisely as conjectured in a companion paper, the Maximally Helicity Violating
(MHV) amplitude of gravitons or gluons appears as the coefficient of a
specified singularity in the MHV stress-tensor or current correlator. We
comment on the remarkably simple analytic structure of our answers in momentum
space.Comment: 44 pages. Zipped source includes a Mathematica notebook (v2)
discussion section revise
PD-1 signaling promotes control of chronic viral infection by restricting type-I-interferon-mediated tissue damage
Immune responses are essential for pathogen elimination but also cause tissue damage, leading to disease or death. However, it is unclear how the host immune system balances control of infection and protection from the collateral tissue damage. Here, we show that PD-1-mediated restriction of immune responses is essential for durable control of chronic LCMV infection in mice. In contrast to responses in the chronic phase, PD-1 blockade in the subacute phase of infection paradoxically results in viral persistence. This effect is associated with damage to lymphoid architecture and subsequently decreases adaptive immune responses. Moreover, this tissue damage is type I interferon dependent, as sequential blockade of the interferon receptor and PD-1 pathways prevents immunopathology and enhances control of infection. We conclude that PD-1-mediated suppression is required as an immunoregulatory mechanism for sustained responses to chronic viral infection by antagonizing type-I interferon-dependent immunopathology
Superposition method for analysis of free-edge stresses
Superposition techniques were used to transform the edge stress problem for composite laminates into a more lucid form. By eliminating loads and stresses not contributing to interlaminar stresses, the essential aspects of the edge stress problem are easily recognized. Transformed problem statements were developed for both mechanical and thermal loads. Also, a technique for approximate analysis using a two dimensional plane strain analysis was developed. Conventional quasi-three dimensional analysis was used to evaluate the accuracy of the transformed problems and the approximate two dimensional analysis. The transformed problems were shown to be exactly equivalent to the original problems. The approximate two dimensional analysis was found to predict the interlaminar normal and shear stresses reasonably well
10 THz Ultrafast Function Generator - generation of rectangular and triangular pulse trains-
We report the synthesis of arbitrary optical waveforms by manipulating the
spectral phases of Raman sidebands with a wide frequency spacing line-by-line.
Trains of rectangular and triangular pulses are stably produced at an ultrahigh
repetition rate of 10.6229 THz, reminiscent of an ultrafast function generator.Comment: 7 Pages, 5 Figure
Hadwiger Number and the Cartesian Product Of Graphs
The Hadwiger number mr(G) of a graph G is the largest integer n for which the
complete graph K_n on n vertices is a minor of G. Hadwiger conjectured that for
every graph G, mr(G) >= chi(G), where chi(G) is the chromatic number of G. In
this paper, we study the Hadwiger number of the Cartesian product G [] H of
graphs.
As the main result of this paper, we prove that mr(G_1 [] G_2) >= h\sqrt{l}(1
- o(1)) for any two graphs G_1 and G_2 with mr(G_1) = h and mr(G_2) = l. We
show that the above lower bound is asymptotically best possible. This
asymptotically settles a question of Z. Miller (1978).
As consequences of our main result, we show the following:
1. Let G be a connected graph. Let the (unique) prime factorization of G be
given by G_1 [] G_2 [] ... [] G_k. Then G satisfies Hadwiger's conjecture if k
>= 2.log(log(chi(G))) + c', where c' is a constant. This improves the
2.log(chi(G))+3 bound of Chandran and Sivadasan.
2. Let G_1 and G_2 be two graphs such that chi(G_1) >= chi(G_2) >=
c.log^{1.5}(chi(G_1)), where c is a constant. Then G_1 [] G_2 satisfies
Hadwiger's conjecture.
3. Hadwiger's conjecture is true for G^d (Cartesian product of G taken d
times) for every graph G and every d >= 2. This settles a question by Chandran
and Sivadasan (They had shown that the Hadiwger's conjecture is true for G^d if
d >= 3.)Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, major update: lower and upper bound proofs have
been revised. The bounds are now asymptotically tigh
Boxicity of Series Parallel Graphs
The three well-known graph classes, planar graphs (P), series-parallel
graphs(SP) and outer planar graphs(OP) satisfy the following proper inclusion
relation: OP C SP C P. It is known that box(G) <= 3 if G belongs to P and
box(G) <= 2 if G belongs to OP. Thus it is interesting to decide whether the
maximum possible value of the boxicity of series-parallel graphs is 2 or 3. In
this paper we construct a series-parallel graph with boxicity 3, thus resolving
this question. Recently Chandran and Sivadasan showed that for any G, box(G) <=
treewidth(G)+2. They conjecture that for any k, there exists a k-tree with
boxicity k+1. (This would show that their upper bound is tight but for an
additive factor of 1, since the treewidth of any k-tree equals k.) The
series-parallel graph we construct in this paper is a 2-tree with boxicity 3
and is thus a first step towards proving their conjecture.Comment: 10 pages, 0 figure
Stress-intensity factor equations for cracks in three-dimensional finite bodies subjected to tension and bending loads
Stress intensity factor equations are presented for an embedded elliptical crack, a semielliptical surface crack, a quarter elliptical corner crack, a semielliptical surface crack along the bore of a circular hole, and a quarter elliptical corner crack at the edge of a circular hole in finite plates. The plates were subjected to either remote tension or bending loads. The stress intensity factors used to develop these equations were obtained from previous three dimensional finite element analyses of these crack configurations. The equations give stress intensity factors as a function of parametric angle, crack depth, crack length, plate thickness, and, where applicable, hole radius. The ratio of crack depth to plate thickness ranged from 0 to 1, the ratio of crack depth to crack length ranged from 0.2 to 2, and the ratio of hole radius to plate thickness ranged from 0.5 to 2. The effects of plate width on stress intensity variation along the crack front were also included
Three-dimensional analysis of 0/90s and 90/0s laminates with a central circular hole
Stress distributions were calculated near a circular hole in laminates, using a three dimensional finite element analysis. These stress distributions were presented three ways: through the thickness at the hole boundary, along radial lines at the 0/90 and 90/0 interfaces, and around the hole at these interfaces. The interlaminar normal stress, and the shear stress, distributions had very steep gradients near the hole boundary, suggesting interlaminar stress singularities. The largest compressive stress occurred at about 60 deg from the load axis. A simple procedure was introduced to calculate interlaminar stresses near the hole boundary. It used stresses calculated by an exact two dimensional analysis of a laminate with a hole as input to a quasi three dimensional model. It produced stresses that agreed closely with those from the three dimensional finite element model
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