സംയോജിത മത്സ്യകൃഷി (Integrated fish farming)

The basic principle of integrated fish farming is the effective utilization of the wealth of water as well as land through adoption of carefully planned production methods with the least amount of wastage. In this farming system through an appropriate and balanced combination of dairy, piggery,poultry, duckery and horticulture with fish farming, it is possible to obtain high production combined with high profits through the integrated use of land and water. The fertility of the water-body is enhanced through the use of organic manures

Multinomial Logistic Regression Model for the Inferential Risk Age Groups for Infection Caused by \u3cem\u3eVibrio cholerae\u3c/em\u3e in Kolkata, India

Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) modeling is an effective approach for categorical outcomes, as compared with discriminant function analysis and log-linear models for profiling individual category of dependent variable. To explore the yearly change of inferential age groups of acute diarrhoeal patients infected with Vibrio cholerae during 1996-2000 by MLR, systematic sampling data were generated from an active surveillance study. Among 1330 V.cholerae infected cases, the predominant age category was up to 5 years accounting for 478 (30.5%) cases. The independent variables V.cholerae O1 (p\u3c0.001) and non-O1 and non-O139 (p \u3c 0.001) were significantly associated with children under 5 years age group. V.cholerae O139 inferential age group was \u3e 40 years. The infection mediated by V.cholerae O1 had significantly decreasing trend Exp(B) year wise from 1996 to 2000 (p \u3c 0.001, p \u3c 0.001, p \u3c 0.001, p \u3c 0.001 and p \u3c 0.001, respectively). MLR model showed that up to 5 year’s age children are more vulnerable to infection caused by V.cholerae O1

Log-linear Model to Assess Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors with Childhood Diarrhea Using Hospital Based Surveillance

Categorical outcomes with environment factors analyzed by log linear model are frequent in the environmental epidemiological literature. Epidemiological and socio-economical factors were obtained on 1,119 children below the age of 5 from Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH) at the Kolkata, India. Significant associations of diarrhea were observed in the rural areas with family income, father’s occupation as a daily labor, literacy of parents, non-cemented floor and wall constructed of mud, and type of storage (wide mouthed earthen pot). The results of the study with specific Log linear model confirm environmental factors were important implications for childhood diarrhea in the rural community. To reduce the diseases burden, the intervention strategies such as education, improvement of economic status and living environment are recommended

Mathematical modelling of berth utilisation rate for multipurpose port operations

Productivity is an essential element which shows the effectiveness of a port and its operations. Berth utilisation rate is the key indicator determining ship turnaround time. To date, there is no clear guidance for port operators on getting a precise data in the terms of berth utilisation rate. Thus, this study was conducted to determine berth utilisation rate for a port using derived mathematical model. Derived model incorporated eight parameters in the equation, each of the elements being independent but inter-related to one another. Parameters involved in the development of the mathematical model are, ship length, port stay, berthable length, utilisable hours per day, number of days in a month, total capacity, immobilised capacity and final capacity. The model was validated by using 36 months data, from January 2012 to December 2014, based on data collected from Jurong Port Pte.Ltd., being port of understudy. Comparative analysis was used to analyse the precision between the existing berth occupancy model and the newly developed berth utilisation model, in comparison to the real time berth productivity rate of the port under study. Data obtained from the newly developed berth utilisation model significantly showed that on average the utilisation percentage deviates by 5 to 20 percentages, compared to the existing berth occupancy model, depending on the berth terminals. The utilisation rate of bulk cargo berths showed less deviation (5 to 10 percentages) while general cargo berths show higher deviation (15 to 20 percentages) and the containerised cargo berths (10 to 20 percentages). This study can be applied in actual shipping industry to reduce ship turn-around time by providing efficient and effective services and high port productivity, with the aim to achieve optimum port performance

Childhood Health and Growth Trends: A Cross-Sectional Study of School Children

Childhood is a pivotal phase of human development, entails rapid growth and evolving health requirements. This cross-sectional study examines the age and sex distribution of school children across five coastal localities. To address the unique health and well-being challenges faced by school children in different regions, this cross-sectional study explores the age and sex distribution of school children across five distinct localities: Koilpathu, Karaikalmedu, Nallathur, Varichikudy, and Kottucherry. It offers a comprehensive examination of school children, encompassing demographic profiles, anthropometric measurements, and a wide array of health-related data. Our analysis revealed shifting gender proportions across age groups, with females dominating in the younger years but males surpassing females as children grow older. Particularly intriguing were the 12-year age group's scarcity of females (0.3%) and the 13-year age group's exclusive female composition (6.07%). Regarding body mass index (BMI), boys generally exhibited values near reference standards in their early years, while girls displayed lower BMI values than the reference during pre-adolescence, signaling potential nutritional concerns. Malnutrition was less prevalent in younger age groups, but overweight and obesity became more common as children aged. Gender-specific health disparities were also evident, with females more susceptible to anemia, while males had a higher prevalence of color blindness and dental health issues. These findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions to address age and gender-specific health challenges among coastal school children

Dynamics of Cell Area and Force during Spreading

AbstractExperiments on human pulmonary artery endothelial cells are presented to show that cell area and the force exerted on a substrate increase simultaneously, but with different rates during spreading; rapid-force increase systematically occurred several minutes past initial spreading. We examine this theoretically and present three complementary mechanisms that may accompany the development of lamellar stress during spreading and underlie the observed behavior. These include: 1), the dynamics of cytoskeleton assembly at the cell basis; 2), the strengthening of acto-myosin forces in response to the generated lamellar stresses; and 3), the passive strain-stiffening of the cytoskeleton

Addition of RDX/HMX on the Ignition Behaviour of Boron-Potassium Nitrate Pyrotechnic Charge

Boron-potassium nitrate (B-KNO3) (25/75) is a well-known pyrotechnic composition whichfinds application as energy-release system for small-calibre rockets and pyrogen igniters forlarger motors. The decomposition of the oxidiser in this composition is endothermic which canbe activated by the addition of high explosives, which decompose exothermically. This paperdescribes the influence of two nitramine explosives, RDX and HMX, on the ignition characteristicsof B-KNO3 composition using thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, heat andpressure output measurements. Different compositions were prepared by varying the amount ofRDX/HMX from 10 per cent to 50 per cent. Thermal studies on the B-KNO3/high explosivemixtures reveal that these undergo two-stage decomposition. The first stage corresponds to thedecomposition of high explosive and the second stage corresponds to that of the reaction betweenB and KNO3. Kinetic parameters were calculated for both the stages of TG curves using Coats-Redfern and Mac Callum-Tanner methods. Ignition temperature of B-KNO3 decreases on theaddition of RDX/HMX while the onset of RDX or HMX decomposition is not significantly affectedby B-KNO3. The pressure output of B-KNO3 increases on adding RDX/HMX. The heat outputof B-KNO3 is not much affected by the addition of RDX or HMX, even though the heat ofexplosion of RDX and HMX are low. This is due to the reaction between the combustion productsof RDX/HMX and reaction products of B-KNO3 to form more exothermic products like B2O3,releasing extra heat. The flame temperature of the charge increases while the average molecularweight of the products of combustion decreases as the RDX/HMX content increases. Thus, thecharge, on addition of RDX or HMX, produces higher pressure output, maintaining the heatoutput at comparable levels

Hospital-based surveillance of enteric parasites in Kolkata

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of illness and death in developing countries and the second commonest cause of death due to infectious diseases among children under five in such countries. Parasites, as well as bacterial and viral pathogens, are important causes of diarrhoea. However, parasitic infections are sometimes overlooked, leading after a period of time to an uncertain aetiology. In this paper we report the prevalence of <it>Giardia lamblia</it>, <it>Entamoeba histolytica </it>and <it>Cryptosporidium </it>sp. in and around Kolkata.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>A hospital-based laboratory surveillance study was conducted among the patients admitted between November 2007 and October 2008 to the Infectious Diseases (ID) Hospital (Population = 1103) with diarrhoeal complaints. Of the 1103 samples collected, 147 were positive for <it>Giardia lamblia</it>, 84 for <it>Cryptosporidium </it>sp. and 51 for <it>Entamoeba histolytica</it>. For all these parasites there was a high rate of mixed infection with common enteric viruses and bacteria such as Rotavirus, <it>Vibrio cholerae </it>and <it>Shigella </it>sp. There were also cases of co-infection with all other diarrheogenic pathogens. The age group ≥ 5 years had the highest prevalence of parasites whereas the age group >5 – 10 years was predominantly infected with <it>Giardia lamblia </it>(p =< 0.001; Odds ratio (OR) = 3.937; 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.862 – 8.326) and with all parasites (p = 0.040; OR = 2.043; 95% CI = 1.033 – 4.039). The age group >10 – 20 years could also be considered at risk for <it>G. lamblia </it>(p = 0.009; OR = 2.231; 95% CI = 1.223 – 4.067). Month-wise occurrence data showed an endemic presence of <it>G. lamblia </it>whereas <it>Cryptosporidium </it>sp. and <it>E. histolytica </it>occurred sporadically. The GIS study revealed that parasites were more prevalent in areas such as Tangra, Tiljala and Rajarhat, which are mainly slum areas. Because most of the population surveyed was in the lower income group, consumption of contaminated water and food could be the major underlying cause of parasitic infestations.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study provides important information on the occurrence and distribution of three important intestinal parasites and indicates their diarrheogenic capacity in Kolkata and surrounding areas.</p

Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

Background: This study was conducted to determine the etiology of diarrhoea in a hospital setting in Kolkata. Active surveillance was conducted for 2 years on two random days per week by enrolling every fifth diarrhoeal patient admitted to the Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital in Kolkata. Results: Most of the patients (76.1%) had acute watery diarrhoea in association with vomiting (77.7%) and some dehydration (92%). Vibrio cholerae O1, Rotavirus and Giardia lamblia were the important causes of diarrhoea. Among Shigella spp, S. flexneri 2a and 3a serotypes were most predominantly isolated. Enteric viruses, EPEC and EAEC were common in children <5 year age group. Atypical EPEC was comparatively higher than the typical EPEC. Multidrug resistance was common among V. cholerae O1 and Shigella spp including tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Polymicrobial infections were common in all age groups and 27.9% of the diarrhoea patients had no potential pathogen. Conclusions: Increase in V. cholerae O1 infection among <2 years age group, resistance of V. cholerae O1 to tetracycline, rise of untypable S. flexnerii, higher proportion of atypical EPEC and G. lamblia and polymicrobial etiology are some of the emerging trends observed in this diarrhoeal disease surveillance