81 research outputs found

    Physiological and growth responses of Jatropha curca L. to water, nitrogen and salt stresses

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    This thesis provides necessary and complementary information for an improved understanding of jatropha growth to guide further research to evaluate the response of jatropha to abiotic stressors and for designing plantations adapted to the plants? requirements. Given the fact that jatropha is claimed to grow on marginal lands, we studied effects of water supply, salt stress, nitrogen and air humidity as major abiotic stressors on gas exchange parameters and biomass production followed by management options for pruning the trees to positively influence biomass productivity and to contribute to optimize resource use. The effects of water availability (rainfed versus irrigated) on growth and gas exchange parameters were investigated for 4-year old jatropha grown in a semi-arid environment at a plantation site in Madagascar in 2010. The results confirmed that 1250 mm water in addition to a 500 mm rainfall did not affect biomass production and instantaneous gas exchange. Nevertheless, leaf light responses of irrigated plants were higher than that of rainfed plants. The study showed to what extent salt stress affected water use, canopy water vapour conductance, leaf growth and Na and K concentrations of leaves of 3-year old and young jatropha plants. 3-year old plants were exposed to seven salt levels (0-300 mmol NaCl L-1) during 20 days and young plants to five salt levels (0-200 mmol NaCl L-1) during 6 days. In both experiments, plants responded rapidly to salt stress by reducing water loss. The threshold value of responses was between 0 and 5 dS m-1. Leaf area increment of young jatropha had a threshold value of 5 dS m-1 implying that jatropha is sensitive to external salt application in terms of canopy development, conductance and CO2 assimilation rate. Transpiration of plants in both experiments was reduced to 55% at EC values between 11 and 12 dS m-1 as compared to non-stressed plants. These findings indicate that jatropha responds sensitive to salt stress in terms of leaf elongation rate and consequently canopy development, and to immediate physiological responses. Leaf gas exchange characteristics of jatropha as affected by nitrogen supply and leaf age were intensively studied, as carbon assimilation is one of the central processes of plant growth and consequently a key process embedded in modelling approaches of plant productivity. This study showed that N supply effects on leaf gas exchange of jatropha leaves were small with only the treatment without nitrogen resulting in lower rates of CO2 assimilation rate and light saturated CO2 assimilation rate, nevertheless, effects of N supply on biomass formation were pronounced. Instantaneous rates of leaf gas exchange of different leaves subject to variable air humidity (atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD)) were investigated. This study showed that CO2 assimilation rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) were correlated in a hyperbolic fashion, and that gs declined with increasing VPD. Maximal stomatal conductance of jatropha was in the range of 382 mmol m-2 s-1 and gs is predicted to be close to zero at 6 kPa. Effects of VPD, via stomatal conductance, by preventing high transpiration rates, have been demonstrated to be decisive on water use efficiency. Our findings are in this regard relevant for the estimation of water use efficiency of jatropha. The outcome further indicates favourable conditions at which stomatal opening is high and thereby allowing for biomass formation. This information should be considered in approaches which aim at quantifying leaf activity of field-grown bushes which are characterized by spatially highly diverse conditions in terms of microclimatic parameters. Microclimatic parameters can be modified by the tree structure. The reported field experiment on 4-year old jatropha indicated that the biomass production and canopy size depended mainly on primary branch length. A comparison of plants of different pruning types with regard to trunk height (43 versus 29 cm) and total length of primary branches (171 versus 310 cm), suggest that higher biomass production and greater leaf area projection was realized by trees with short trunks and long primary branches. Growth of twigs and leaves was positively correlated with total length of branches. Relative dry mass allocation to branches, twigs and leaves, length of twigs per cm of branches and specific leaf area were not affected by pruning and water supply. Trees with shorter branches had a higher leaf area density. As opposed to an allometric relationship between the average diameter of primary branches and total above ground biomass, our data suggest that these traits were not constantly correlated. Our data indicate that the length of newly formed twigs, where the leaves are attached to, can be related to the total length of already established branches. Leaf area density and relative dry mass allocation to leaves were not affected by the two pruning techniques, indicating that pruning differences in leaf area size were proportionally converted to corresponding pruning differences in the canopy volume exploited by plants. The results reported in this study are relevant for understanding jatropha growth. It helps farmers first for a better plantation management and researchers as well as contribution to future modelling purpose concerning jatropha growth under variable climatic conditions. Additionally, it should complement information for a better set of priorities in research, contribute indirectly to breeding programs and adjust agricultural policies in terms of encountering global change.In dieser Arbeit werden daher zunĂ€chst der Einfluss von Wasserversorgung, Salzstress, Stickstoffversorgung und Luftfeuchte als maßgebliche abiotische Stressfaktoren auf Gaswechselparameter und Photosynthese sowie die Produktion von Biomasse untersucht. Schließlich wird der Effekt von Schnittmaßnahmen auf die ProduktivitĂ€t von Jatropha analysiert, um mit potentiellen Managementmaßahmen Biomasseproduktion und Ressourcennutzung in Plantagen zu beeinflussen bzw. zu optimieren. Die Arbeit baut auf drei internationalen Publikationen auf, die im Anhang wiedergegeben sind. ZunĂ€chst wurde im Jahr 2010 auf einer Plantage in Madagaskar der Einfluss von WasserverfĂŒgbarkeit (Regenfeldbau vs. BewĂ€sserungsfeldbau) auf Wachstum und Gaswechselparameter von 4-jĂ€hrigen Jatrophapflanzen in einer semiariden Umwelt untersucht. Die Ergebnisse bestĂ€tigten, dass bei einem Niederschlag von 500 mm eine zusĂ€tzliche BewĂ€sserungsmenge von 1 250 mm keinen Einfluss auf Biomasseproduktion oder grundlegende Gaswechselparameter hatte. BewĂ€sserte Pflanzen reagierten allerdings auf Änderungen der LichtintensitĂ€t deutlich stĂ€rker positiv als die unbewĂ€sserten Pflanzen. Diese Unterschiede konnten nicht ĂŒber BlattflĂ€chendichte erklĂ€rt werden, da hier zwischen den Behandlungen nur geringe Unterschiede bestanden. In dieser Studie diskutieren wir den Einfluss von Salzstress auf die Wasseraufnahme, die WasserleitfĂ€higkeit der BestandesblattflĂ€che, die Blattentwicklung und Natrium und Kalium Gehalte von BlĂ€ttern 3-jĂ€hriger und junger Jatrophapflanzen. Drei-jĂ€hrige Jatrophapflanzen wurden fĂŒr 20 Tage mit 7 verschiedenen Salzgkonzentrationen (0-300 mmol NaCl L-1), Jungepflanzen mit 5 verschiedenen Salzkonzentrationen (0-200 mmol NaCl L-1) fĂŒr 6 Tage behandelt. Die Pflanzen reagierten in beiden Versuchen umgehend mit einer verringerten Wasseraufnahme. Der Schwellenwert fĂŒr die Reaktion lag dabei zwischen 0 und 5 dS m-1. Die schnelle Abnahme der BestandesleitfĂ€higkeit lĂ€sst vermuten, dass Jatropha fĂŒr kurze Zeitabschnitte effektiv den Na-Import in die BlĂ€tter unterbinden kann. Generell fĂŒhrt Salzstress in salzempfindlichen Pflanzen zu einer verringerten stomatĂ€ren LeitfĂ€higkeit und zu einer Abnahme der Transpirationsraten. Bei Jatropha stellt die rapide Abnahme der stomatĂ€ren LeitfĂ€higkeit eine unmittelbare Reaktion auf Salzstress dar. Eine weitere Salzapplikation fĂŒhrte dagegen nicht zu einer Verringerung der stomatĂ€ren LeitfĂ€higkeit, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Pflanzen bereits an Salzstress adaptiert waren. In beiden Versuchen war die Transpiration im Vergleich zu ungestressten Pflanzen auf 55% reduziert. Der Schwellenwert fĂŒr eine Reduktion der Blattwachstumsrate lag fĂŒr Jungpflanzen bei 5 dS m-1, was einem Salzgehalt der NĂ€hrlösung von 25 mmol NaCl L-1 entspricht. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass Jatropha bezĂŒglich des Blattwachstums und somit auch bezĂŒglich der BestandesblattflĂ€chenentwicklung empfindlich auf Salzstress reagiert. Neben WasserverfĂŒgbarkeit und Salzstress stellt auf marginalen Standorten die NĂ€hrstoffverfĂŒgbarkeit einen limitierenden Faktor fĂŒr pflanzliches Wachstum dar. Die Erwartung, auch in low-input Systemen gute ErtrĂ€ge zu erwirtschaften, macht den Anbau dieser Pflanze noch attraktiver. Die C-Assimilation stellt als zentraler Prozess pflanzlichen Wachstums eine SchlĂŒsselrolle in der Modellierung der ProduktivitĂ€t dar. In einer weiteren Studie wurde der Einfluss der N-Versorgung und des Blattalters auf den Gaswechsel von Jatropha untersucht. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass die N-Versorgung nur einen geringen Einfluss auf den Gaswechsel von Jatropha hat, denn nur die N-freie Behandlung induzierte eine verringerte C-Assimilationsrate bzw. eine verringerte lichtgesĂ€ttigte C-Assimilationsrate, und das obwohl generell Effekte der N-Versorgung auf die Biomasseentwicklung messbar waren. Die Steigerung der BlattflĂ€che durch verbesserte N-Versorgung zeigte, dass Jatropha bezĂŒglich der Blattwachstumsrate eine unmittelbare Reaktion gezeigt hat, wĂ€hrend die nahezu konstanten SPAD-Werte der BlĂ€tter von Pflanzen, die mit jeweils 2 bis 16 mM N behandelt wurden, nahe legen, dass die Enzymdichte nicht von der N-Versorgung beeinflusst war, wenn ein Mindestwert in der N-Versorgung sichergestellt war. Neben Bodensalzgehalt und NĂ€hrstoffverfĂŒgbarkeit als wichtigste produktionslimitierende Faktoren sind die Anpassung an saisonale Unterschiede in der Wasserversorgung (sowohl bodenbĂŒrtig (Bordentrockenheit) als auch atmosphĂ€risch (geringe Luftfeuchtigkeit)) elementar fĂŒr eine erfolgreiche Jatrophaproduktion in semi-ariden Gebieten. Um den Einfluss von Luftfeuchtigkeit auf die ProduktivitĂ€t von Jatropha zu untersuchen, haben wir unmittelbare Gaswechselraten an BlĂ€ttern, die einem variablen Dampfdruckdefizit ausgesetzt waren, gemessen. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchung zeigt, dass die CO2-Assimilationsrate (A) und die stomatĂ€re LeitfĂ€higkeit (gs) in einer hyperbolischen Funktion korreliert waren, und dass gs mit zunehmendem Dampfdruckdefizit abfiel. Es wurde gezeigt, dass der Effekt des Dampfdruckdefizits ĂŒber die stomatĂ€re LeitfĂ€higkeit und die Vermeidung hoher Transpirationsraten entscheidend auf die Wassernutungseffizienz wirkt. DiesbezĂŒglich sind unsere Ergebnisse relevant fĂŒr die AbschĂ€tzung der Wassernutzungseffizienz von Jatropha. Weiterhin erlauben diese Ergebnisse Bedingungen zu definieren, unter denen die Spaltöffnungsweite groß ist und damit auch eine hohe Biomassebildung erlaubt. Diese Erkenntnisse sollten bei der Quantifizierung der BlattaktivitĂ€t von Jatrophaanbau im Freiland berĂŒcksichtigt werden, da diese in verstĂ€rktem Maße Schwankungen im Bestandesmikroklima ausgesetzt sind

    Elaboration and characterization of bioplastic films based on bitter cassava starch (Manihot esculenta) reinforced by chitosan extracted from crab (Shylla seratta) shells

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    Bioplastics are polymer plastics which are derived from renewable biomass resources. In this study, bioplastic films based on two different polysaccharides such as bitter cassava starch and chitosan extracted from crab shells were produced by casting technique, using glycerol as plasticizer. The purposes of this research are to characterize and to figure out the effect of additional chitosan concentrations (0; 10; 20; 30; 50% by weight of starch) on the physicochemical, mechanical and water barrier properties of bioplastic films. The film's solubility in water (S), water absorption capacity (WAP), water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (E), Young's modulus (YM) and biodegradability were investigated. The possible interactions between starch and chitosan molecules were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). From the analysis, the incorporation of the chitosan shows improved results on the water barrier properties of the bioplastic films. Optimum solubility in water, water absorption capacity, and water vapor permeability are obtained on the composition of starch/chitosan was 50/50. Actually, the addition of chitosan increased tensile strength, and elongation at break. The characterization of optimum mechanical proprieties also occurred on the 50/50 composition of cassava-starch and chitosan. At this ratio, tensile strength obtained were 6,3000 MPa; and the elongation at break were 62,8571%. It was found that cassava-starch/chitosan-based films have a stable structure compared to native cassava-starch films.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figure

    Interaction entre deux cylindres tractés sous une surface libre

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    On Ă©tudie expĂ©rimentalement la corrĂ©lation entre le profil de la surface libre, la disposition relative des deux cylindres, l’immersion de l’ensemble et la gĂ©omĂ©trie du sillage proche. La visualisation de l’écoulement et la mesure des efforts sont effectuĂ©es simultanĂ©ment. Le montage expĂ©rimental consiste en une cuve 2m x 1m x 1m dans laquelle on  tracte les cylindres D = 4cm et delta = 8mm au moyen d’un robot selon un mouvement accĂ©lĂ©rĂ© et dĂ©cĂ©lĂ©rĂ© et pour plusieurs profondeurs d’immersion d’eau

    Corrélation efforts/sillage proche sur un cylindre tracté en présence d'une surface libre

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    Un cylindre de section circulaire (D = 0.04 m et L/D = 16) est remorquĂ© en configuration partiellement ou totalement immergĂ©. Le mouvement est accĂ©lĂ©rĂ© puis dĂ©cĂ©lĂ©rĂ©. Les nombres de Reynolds basĂ© sur la vitesse maximum varient entre 0 et 14000 pour une valeur de l’accĂ©lĂ©ration variant de Ă  0.060 Ă  0.150 m/s2. On mesure les forces de traĂźnĂ©e et portance en utilisant un capteur Ă  quartz KISTLER Ă  trois composantes Ă©tanche montĂ© Ă  l’extrĂ©mitĂ© du barreau. Le mouvement est obtenu en pilotant le barreau par un robot trois axes SIGEA permettant deux translations et une rotation. Une camĂ©ra embarquĂ©e PULNIX permet de visualiser le sillage sur une tranche de l’écoulement placĂ©e dans le plan mĂ©dian d’une cuve de visualisation (2m X 1m X 1m) remplie d’eau. Des essais systĂ©matiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s en effectuant un balayage en profondeur d’immersion et en accĂ©lĂ©ration. Les efforts sont caractĂ©risĂ©s en corrĂ©lation avec la configuration du sillage proche et de la dĂ©formĂ©e de la surface libre. La mĂ©thode proposĂ©e permet d’étudier les effets de surface libre et de l’accĂ©lĂ©ration en fonction la profondeur d’immersion. On propose une description des forces de portance en fonction du dĂ©placement du barreau. Des rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires concernant le champ de vitesse mesurĂ© par une technique PIV sont prĂ©sentĂ©s pour certaines configurations

    Hydrodynamique de deux cylindres horizontaux tractés en présence d'une surface libre

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    Un cylindre principal placé derriÚre un cylindre secondaire est remorqué et l'ensemble est partiellement ou totalement immergé. Le mouvement est accéléré/décéléré. Les nombres de Reynolds basé sur la vitesse maximum varient entre 0 et 14000 pour une valeur de l'accélération de 0.150 m/s2. On mesure les forces de traßnée et portance. Une caméra embarquée visualise le sillage. Les effets de surface libre sont étudiés en faisant varier la profondeur d'immersion. Les efforts sont caractérisés en corrélation avec la configuration du sillage proche et de la déformée de la surface libre

    Drivers and sustainability of bird hunting in Madagascar

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    Bird conservation depends on robust data on the densities of and threats to each species, and an understanding of the choices and incentives of bird hunters. This first comprehensive study of bird hunting and its effects in Madagascar uses 8 years of data on 87 bird species to determine bird densities and hunting pressure, incentives, choices, methods, spatial variation, and sustainability on the Masoala Peninsula of Madagascar. We find that bird hunting is common, affecting human wellbeing and, for some species, long-term population viability. Hunters caught more abundant species of lower trophic levels and consumers preferred the flavor of abundant granivores and nectarivores, while they disliked carnivores, scavengers, and species with common cultural proscriptions. Wealth increased species selectivity among consumers, whereas food insecurity increased hunting pressure overall. Projected and documented declines in at least three species are concerning, qualifying at least two for increased IUCN threatened species categories. We provide novel, data-driven assessments of hunting's threat to Madagascar's birds, identify key species of concern, and suggest both species- and consumer-specific conservation actions

    On the Topic of Pseudoclefts

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    This paper presents arguments in favor of a pseudocleft analysis of a certain class of sentences in Malagasy, despite the lack of an overt wh-element. It is shown that voice morphology on the verb creates an operator-variable relationship much like the one created by wh-movement in free relatives in English and other languages. The bulk of the paper argues in favor of an inversion analysis of specificational pseudoclefts in Malagasy: a predicate DP is fronted to a topic position from within a small clause constituent. Moreover, it is shown that the same inversion occurs in equative and specificational sentences in Malagasy, which suggests that these types of sentences share the same syntactic structure. The proposed analysis also provides support for the view that specificational pseudoclefts have a topic \u3e focus structure, where the wh-clause has been overtly topicalized

    Quantifying rice yield gaps and their causes in Eastern and Southern Africa

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    The demand for rice in Eastern and Southern Africa is rapidly increasing because of changes in consumer preferences and urbanization. However, local rice production lags behind consumption, mainly due to low yield levels. In order to set priorities for research and development aimed at improving rice productivity, there is a need to characterize the rice production environments, to quantify rice yield gaps —i.e. the difference between average on-farm yield and the best farmers’ yield— and to identify causes of yield gaps. Such information will help identifying and targeting technologies to alleviate the main constraints, and consequently to reduce existing yield gaps. Yield gap surveys were conducted on 357 rice farms at eight sites (19-50 farmers per site) across five rice-producing countries in Eastern and Southern Africa —i.e. Ethiopia, Madagascar, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda— for one or two years (2012-13) to collect both quantitative and qualitative data at field and farm level. Average farm yields measured at the eight sites ranged from 1.8 to 4.3 t ha–1 and the average yield gap ranged from 0.8 to 3.4 t ha–1. Across rice growing environments, major causes for yield variability were straw management, weeding frequency, growth duration of the variety, weed cover, fertilizer (mineral and organic) application frequency, levelling and iron toxicity. Land levelling increased the yield by 0.74 t ha–1, bird control increased the yield by 1.44 t ha–1, and sub-optimal management of weeds reduced the yield by 3.6 to 4.4 t ha–1. There is great potential to reduce the current rice yield gap in ESA, by focusing on improvements of those crop management practices that address the main site-specific causes for suboptimal yields
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