Spontaneous retrobulbar hemorrhage in a patient with breast cancer: A case report

AbstractPurposeWe present spontaneous retrobulbar hemorrhage in a 52-year-old woman with history of breast cancer and tamoxifen intake which was first thought to be an orbital metastasis.Case reportA 52-year-old woman with history of breast cancer and tamoxifen intake was referred due to severe proptosis and visual loss. Orbital imaging showed an intra-conal mass. After exploration, multiple fragments of dark brown mass in the retrobulbar area were excised. Microscopic diagnosis was blood clot. All of clinical signs and symptoms were improved 1 week after operation.ConclusionSpontaneous retrobulbar hemorrhage is a rare condition that may have unknown etiologies, and its symptoms may mimic orbital metastasis. Since both breast cancer and tamoxifen intake can cause coagulation disorders, they might be possible causes for retrobulbar hemorrhage in this case

The Effect of Add-on Memantine in New Onset Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Core Symptoms: A Pilot Study

Objective: Studies using standard neuropsychological instrumentation have shown memory deficits in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. We examined the efficacy and safety of memantine in new cases of combat-related PTSD in the military by conducting a 16-week prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial. Method: Twenty-six new combat-related PTSD cases were recruited from among the military personnel based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Patients were assigned to memantine and Placebo groups. They were monitored at baseline, week eight, and week 16. Memantine was added to each patient's current medication with an initial dosage of 5 mg/day, raised by 5 mg/day every week until it reached the maintenance level of 20 mg/day. The concurrent drugs were essentially kept unchanged during the trial. The primary outcome was PTSD severity as assessed by the Clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). The CAPS is a valid and reliable tool for the diagnosis of PTSD and measurement of its severity according to the DSM–4. Results: CAPS mean score in baseline (P = 0.811) and weeks eight (P = 0.389) and 16 (P = 0.066) did not show any significant differences between the two groups. The mean CAPS score in the memantine group significantly (P = 0.006) decreased (Mean differences = -8.79) compared to the placebo group, showing that intervention with memantine was effective. The mean total CAPS in weeks eight (Mean differences = -14.21) and 16 (Mean differences = -27) were less than the baseline, which was significantly meaningful (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that add-on memantine can be effective in veteran patients with PTSD. So our data provide useful insight into the management of new cases of combat-related PTSD

Designing and validation a visual fatigue questionnaire for video display terminals operators

Background: Along with the rapid growth of technology its related tools such as computer, monitors and video display terminals (VDTs) grow as well. Based on the studies, the most common complaint reported is of the VDT users. Methods: This study attempts to design a proper tool to assess the visual fatigue of the VDT users. First draft of the questionnaire was prepared after a thorough study on the books, papers and similar questionnaires. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using the content validity index (CVI) beside that of the Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha. Then, a cross-sectional study was carried out on 248 of the VDT users in different professions. A theoretical model with four categories of symptoms of visual fatigue was derived from the previous studies and questionnaires. Having used the AMOS16 software, the construct validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using the confirmatory factor analysis. The correlation co-efficiency of the internal domains was calculated using the SPSS 11.5 software. To assess the quality check index and determining the visual fatigue levels, visual fatigue of the VDT users was measured by the questionnaire and visual fatigue meter (VFM) device. Cut-off points were identified by receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: CVI and reliability co-efficiency were both equal to 0.75. Model fit indices including root mean of squared error approximation, goodness of fit index and adjusted goodness of fit index were obtained 0.026, 0.96 and 0.92 respectfully. The correlation between the results measured with the questionnaire and VFM-90.1 device was-0.87. Cut-off points of the questionnaire were 0.65, 2.36 and 3.88. The confirmed questionnaire consists of four main areas: Eye strain (4 questions), visual impairment (5 questions) and the surface impairment of the eye (3 questions) and the out of eye problems (3 questions). Conclusions: The visual fatigue questionnaire contains 15 questions and has a very remarkable validity and reliability. Usingthis questionnaire and its findings, one will be able to identify, assess and finally prevent the effective factors of VDT users' visual fatigue

A social work study on different factors influencing youth on hope for the future

In this paper, we present an empirical study to study the effects of religious duties, communicating with parents; leisure, media planning, city planning, socio-economic and education on different factors influencing the future of youth. The proposed study of this paper designs a questionnaire and distributes it among 400 people aged 18 to 29 and the results are investigated using Pearson correlation ratios. The results of our investigation indicate that there are some positive and meaningful relationship between religious duties and their hope for future (r=44%), a positive and meaningful relationship between leisure and hope for future (31%). In addition, there is a relatively positive and somewhat meaningful relationship between city planning and hope for future (15%) and finally, a small but positive relationship between media planning and hope for the future (6%). However, there is no evidence belief that there is any meaningful relationship between education and hope for the future

Study of the Effect and Persistence of Neuromuscular Exercises on Activity Timing of Lower Extremity Distal and Proximal Muscles in Athletes with Functional Ankle Instability

سابقه و هدف: اثر و ماندگاري اثر تمرينات عصبي- عضلاني بر زمان‌بندي فعاليت عضلات پروگزيمال اندام تحتاني مورد سوال است. لذا هدف از تحقيق حاضر بررسي اثر و ماندگاري اثر تمرينات عصبي- عضلاني بر زمان‌بندي فعاليت عضلات ديستال و پروگزيمال اندام تحتاني در ورزشکاران مبتلا به بي‌ثباتي عملکردي مچ پا بود. روش بررسي: تعداد 26 ورزشکار مبتلا به بي‌ثباتي عملکردي مچ پا بصورت تصادفي به دو گروه تمرينات عصبي- عضلاني و کنترل تقسيم شدند. انتخاب آزمودني‌ها بر اساس معيارهاي ورود و خروج از تحقيق بود. در مرحله پيش‌آزمون زمان‌بندي فعاليت عضلاني آزمودني‌ها بوسيله دستگاه الکتروميوگرافي سطحي مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. پس از آن گروه تمريني به مدت 6 هفته تمرينات مربوط به خود را انجام دادند. تمرينات 3 جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه تمريني به مدت 15 الي 20 دقيقه برگزار شد. سپس کليه اندازه‌گيري‌هاي مرحله پيش‌آزمون در مرحله پس‌آزمون و آزمون ماندگاري نيز به انجام رسيد. از روش‌هاي آماري تحليل واريانس ترکيبي با اندازه‌هاي تکراري و آزمون تعقيبي بونفروني جهت انجام تجزيه و تحليل‌هاي آماري استفاده شد. سطح معني‌داري کوچکتر از 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد. يافته‌ها: نتايج آزمون تحليل واريانس ترکيبي براي مقايسه نتايج بين‌ دو گروه در مورد زمان‌بندي فعاليت عضلات نشان از اثر تعاملي زمان(پيش‌آزمون‌پس‌آزمون‌ماندگاري) بر گروه (عصبي‌عضلاني و کنترل) در عضلات تيبياليس انتريور، پرونئوس لانگوس و گاستروکنميوس خارجي در گروه عصبي‌عضلاني شده است(P≤0/05). اما تفاوتي در زمان‌بندي فعاليت عضلات رکتوس فموريس، گلوتئوس مديوس و گلوتئوس ماکزيموس هيچ‌يک از دو گروه‌ در دو مرحله پس‌آزمون و ماندگاري نسبت به پيش‌آزمون مشاهده نشد (05/0&lt;P). نتيجه‌گيري: اگرچه تمرينات عصبي-عضلاني موجب بهبود زمان‌بندي فعاليت عضلات ديستال و ماندگاري آن شده است، اما اين بهبود در مورد عضلات پروگزيمال که نقش مهمي در زنجيره حرکتي اندام تحتاني دارند، صدق نمي‌کند. لذا پيشنهاد مي‌شود در توانبخشي عارضه بي‌ثباتي عملکردي مچ پا، از تمريناتي استفاده شود که علاوه بر تاثير بر بخش‌هاي ديستال، عضلات پروگزيمال را نيز مورد توجه قرار داده تا ريسک بروز آسيب مجدد کاهش يابد. How to cite this article: Kalantariyan M, Minoonejad H, Rajabi R, Seydi F. Study of the Effect and Persistence of Neuromuscular Exercises on Activity Timing of Lower Extremity Distal and Proximal Muscles in Athletes with Functional Ankle Instability. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2020; 8(2):75-85.Background and Objectives: The effect and persistence of neuromuscular activities on the timing of lower extremity proximal muscles are questionable. So the purpose of this study was to investigate the persistence effect of neuromuscular exercise on activity timing of lower extremity distal and proximal muscles in athletes with functional ankle instability. Materials and Methods: 26 athletes with functional ankle instability were randomly divided into two groups of neuromuscular exercises and control. Subjects were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the pretest phase, the activity timing of muscles was evaluated with surface electromyography. The next step was to exercise group performing their own exercises for 6 weeks. Exercises were performed 3 sessions per week and each exercise session lasted 15 to 20 minutes. Then all pre-test measurements were performed in the post-test and persistence test. Repeated analysis using ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was considered less than 0.05. Results: Results of Mixed-ANOVA showed the interactive effect of time(pretest-posttest-persistence) on the group(neuromuscular-control) significantly changes the activity timing of distal muscles in the neuromuscular group(P≤0/05). But there was no difference in the activity timing of proximal muscles in either of two groups in post-test and persistence compared to pre-test(P≥0/05). Conclusion: Although neuromuscular exercises improves the activity timing of distal muscles and persistence, this improvement does not apply to proximal muscles that play an important role in the lower extremity chain. Therefore, it is suggested that in the rehabilitation of functional ankle instability, use exercises that, in addition to affecting the distal segments, also focus on the proximal muscles to reduce the risk of re-injury. How to cite this article: Kalantariyan M, Minoonejad H, Rajabi R, Seydi F. Study of the Effect and Persistence of Neuromuscular Exercises on Activity Timing of Lower Extremity Distal and Proximal Muscles in Athletes with Functional Ankle Instability. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2020; 8(2):75-85

A Comparison of Explanation Methods of Encapsulation Efficacy of Hydroquinone in a Liposomal System

     One of the most important parameters describing the liposomal formulation of hydroquinone is encapsulation efficacy. For the efficacy evaluation of hydroquinone trapped in liposomal structure, there is a need to first separate liposome from the matrix surrounding it. There are various separation techniques; however, in this study, the three techniques of centrifuges with and without washing and dialysis were used. From among the laboratory techniques, an appropriate method is the one that offers responses with a high repeatability. The statistical calculations revealed that encapsulation efficacy with a direct method resulted from a separation via the techniques of dialysis and centrifuge without washing had the highest dispersion with SDs of 6.1 and 8.7, respectively, while the SD value in the technique of centrifuge with washing was 5.2. Through an indirect method, hydroquinone encapsulation efficacy showed the best repeatability with SD values of 2.8 and 2.1 by using the two techniques of centrifuge and centrifuge filtration, respectively. It seems that the treatments leading to the dilution of hydroquinone formulation would result in hydroquinone leakage and a reduction of encapsulation efficacy. It seems that measurement of hydroquinone encapsulation efficacy with an indirect method is a better choice; therefore,  a centrifuge technique was utilized to report the mentioned efficacy at a speed of 45000 rcf and duration of 30 min due to having a reasonable price and ease of access.

The Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among High School Students in Iran: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Iron is one of the most important elements forming the body and an essential metal for many biological processes in mammals. According to studies, anemia can cause numerous side effects in the body. Because of the effectiveness of iron in myelinated nerves, this illness can cause hearing loss and vision problems as well, and in students, it can even cause academic failure and learning problems and intensify behavioral disorders. Therefore, to collect the statistics of the prevalence of the disorder in order to inform parents, the present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in high school students in Iran using meta-analysis method.Method: This study was continued in review form using the key words anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and anemia prevalence with a review of the articles in Pubmed, Iranmedex databases and Scientific Information Database of SID in related topics with 89 articles. Time domain for searching articles and related books and was mainly from 1991 onwards.Results: Studies on the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in high school students show different results. Recent statistics based on published articles at home and abroad show the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia equal to 10.6%, (with a 95% confidence interval: 9.7 to 11.5) until 2014.Conclusion: The disease can cause hearing and vision disorders in adolescents. Moreover, it can cause academic failure and learning problems and intensify behavioral disorders in students.  Given that children's health is an indicator of health planning of family for them, attention to the factors preventing iron deficiency anemia and its treatment is essential for students. Following this study, it is suggested that by correcting diet as the first step of prevention of catching this diseases, we take a step towards preventing it

Trend Investigation of Water Quality Variations in Zayande-Roud River During Dry and Wet Years

Nowadays, drought is known as one of the environmental phenomena that has important impact on water quality. The aim of this study was to obtain a relationship between drought and water quality in Zayande-Roud watershed. With respect to the impact of droughton water qualityand also determining the type of water and its relationship with environmental factors, in this study, chemical characteristics of water were investigated using AqQasoftware. Then, chemical type of water resources and its relationship between drought and water quality was determined. The study area was Zayande-Roud River that has five hydrometric stations with 34 years common data. Two stations were located before dam and three stations after dam. In this period, using drought indices (SPI and RDI), dry and wet years were separated from each other, then maximum common dry and wet years were determined in five stations. Then, water quality data were compared in dry and wet years. Based on the results obtained, with the occurrence of drought, the concentration of ions in water has increased and in wet years the concentration of ions in water has improved. As example in Eskandari station, magnesium ion has increased by about 37% in dry years and the rate of sulfate ion in Pol-e-Zaman Khan station has increased by 56% in dry years. Water type in each station was sodium bicarbonate that can be related to geological factors

Vent-proximal sub-seafloor replacement clastic-carbonate hosted SEDEX-type mineralization in the Mehdiabad world-class Zn-Pb-Ba-(Cu-Ag) deposit, southern Yazd Basin, Iran

© 2019. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The Mehdiabad Zn-Pb-Ba (Cu-Ag) deposit in the southern Yazd Basin, central Iran, is the largest sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposit in Iran. This deposit is hosted by organic carbon matter-rich shale, fine-grained black siltstone, and dolomite interlayered with sandstone of the Taft Formation. Sedimentological and geochemical studies of the Taft Formation have shown that these organic carbon matter-rich shales formed during a period of basin deepening and under anoxic conditions. Based on the orebody structure, mineralogy, and ore fabrics, we recognize five different ore facies types in the Mehdiabad deposit: (1) a stockwork/feeder zone, consisting of a discordant sulfide mineralization, forming a stockwork of sulfide-bearing dolomite veins, cutting the sedimentary rocks of the footwall; (2) massive-replacement ore, including pervasive replacement carbonate by pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite with minor barite; (3) a bedded ore, with laminated to disseminated pyrite, sphalerite, and galena; (4) barite ore, which contains accessory sulfide minerals and rare calcite at the top of the deposit, and (5) a distal facies, with minor disseminated and laminated pyrite, banded cherts, and disseminated barite. Two stages of base metal sulfide replacement have separate origins. Fine-grained sulfide bands (stage I), intricately interlayered with organic carbon-rich beds and thin turbidite beds, exhibit lamina and bedding textures, supporting a syn-sedimentary (onto the sea floor) origin. Coarse-grained base metal sulfides (stage II), occurring within breccias and veins to veinlets are considered to have formed by replacement during post sedimentation sub-seafloor fluid flow. d34S values of pyrite, sphalerite chalcopyrite and galena range from -22 to +4.6.8‰. The highest d34S values correspond to the feeder zone (+4.6 and -10.5‰), whereas massive-replacement (+3.7 to -13.7‰) and bedded (-22 to -17‰) ore facies display depleted compositions. The overall range of d34S values is remarkably higher than typical magmatic values, suggesting that sulfides formed from the reduction of seawater sulfate by bacteriogenic sulfate reduction in a closed or semi-closed system in the bedded ore, whereas thermochemical sulfate reduction likely played an important role in the feeder zone. The formation of the Mehdiabad deposit follows the evolution of the sedimentary basin. Abrupt lateral changes in facies and thickness, along with the existence of synsedimentary breccias and debris flows within the ore sequence, suggest the proximity to synsedimentary faults and tectonic activity contemporaneous with the sedimentation in the Lower Cretaceous, favorable for the formation of the ore deposit. The deposit formed from a combination of hydrothermal and syn-sedimentary processes. Sulfur isotopes, together with sedimentological, textural, mineralogical, and geochemical evidences, suggest that this deposit should be classified as a vent-proximal sub-seafloor replacement SEDEX ore deposit.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft