The Degree of the Influence of the Internal Environment on the Organizational Commitment of the Staff of Al-Istiqlal University

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة درجة تأثير البيئة الداخلية على الالتزام التنظيمي لدى موظفي جامعة الاستقلال، وتعتبر البيئة الداخلية من أهم عناصر الالتزام التنظيمي في بيئة العمل، كما سعت الدراسة للتعرف إلى مستوى تأثير كل من الهيكل التنظيمي والثقافة التنظيمية على الالتزام التنظيمي لدى موظفي جامعة الاستقلال ومن ثم التوصل إلى مجموعة من التوصيات وتزويد الجامعة بتغذية راجعة حول الموضوع المبحوث مما يفيد ويثري تجربة الجامعة فيما يتعلق في تحسين مستويات الالتزام التنظيمي. تم اختيار عينة طبقية عشوائية من موظفي الجامعة بلغت هذه العينة (183) من مجتمع الدراسة والبالغ عددهم (347)، تحقيقاً لأهداف الدراسة، استخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتم الاستعانة بالاستبانة كأداة رئيسة لجمع البيانات، وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن درجة تأثير الهيكل التنظيمي على الالتزام التنظيمي حققت متوسطاً حسابياً (4.12)، وانحرافاً معيارياً (629.)، وهذه نسبة مرتفعة، فيما حققت درجة تأثير الثقافة التنظيمية لدى موظفي الجامعة على الالتزام التنظيمي متوسطاً حسابياً (3.99)، وانحرافاً معيارياً (660.)، وهذه نسبة مرتفعة، مع وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في درجة تأثير الثقافة التنظيمية على الالتزام التنظيمي لدى موظفي الجامعة تبعاً لمتغير الجنس لصالح الذكور على الإناث.  وبناء على هذه النتائج أوصت الدراسة بضرورة إجراء المزيد من الأبحاث والدراسات حول أثر البيئة الداخلية بأبعادها في تحقيق الالتزام التنظيمي للخروج بمزيد من التوصيات التي من شأنها أن تعزز دور مؤسسات التعليم العالي في تحقيق واجباتها وأهدافها.This study aims to recognize the level of the influence of the internal environment on the organizational commitment of the staff of Al- Istiqlal University. The internal environment is one of the most important elements of organizational commitment in the work environment. The study also seeks to identify the level of influence of organizational structure and organizational culture on the organizational commitment of the employees of Al- Istiqlal University. This study has many recommendations and provide the university with feedback on the researched topic, which will benefit and enrich the university experience in improving organizational commitment levels. A random sample was selected from the university employees. This sample is (183) of the study population (347), In order to achieve the objectives of the study. The researchers used the analytical descriptive method and the questionnaire was used as the main tool for data collection. The results of the study show that the level of the influence of the organizational structure on the organizational commitment achieved an arithmetic mean (4.12), and a standard deviation (629.). This is a high percentage, while the level of influence of the organizational culture of the university staff on the organizational commitment achieved an arithmetical mean (3.99), and a standard deviation (660.). This is a high percentage, with statistically significant differences in the level of influence of the organizational culture on the organizational commitment of university employees this according to the gender variable in favor of males over females. Based on these results, the study recommended the need for further research and studies on the impact of the internal environment and its dimensions in achieving the organizational commitment to come out with more recommendations that will enhance the role of higher education institutions in achieving their duties and objectives

Fine-Tuned Intrinsically Ultramicroporous Polymers Redefine the Permeability/Selectivity Upper Bounds of Membrane-Based Air and Hydrogen Separations

Intrinsically ultramicroporous (<7 Å) polymers represent a new paradigm in materials development for membrane-based gas separation. In particular, they demonstrate that uniting intrachain “rigidity”, the traditional design metric of highly permeable polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), with gas-sieving ultramicroporosity yields high-performance gas separation membranes. Highly ultramicroporous PIMs have redefined the state-of-the-art in large-scale air (e.g., O₂/N₂) and hydrogen recovery (e.g., H₂/N₂, H₂/CH₄) applications with unprecedented molecular sieving gas transport properties. Accordingly, presented herein are new 2015 permeability/selectivity “upper bounds” for large-scale commercial membrane-based air and hydrogen applications that accommodate the substantial performance enhancements of recent PIMs over preceding polymers. A subtle balance between intrachain rigidity and interchain spacing has been achieved in the amorphous microstructures of PIMs, fine-tuned using unique bridged-bicyclic building blocks (i.e., triptycene, ethanoanthracene and Tröger’s base) in both ladder and semiladder (e.g., polyimide) structures

Physical Aging, Plasticization and Their Effects on Gas Permeation in “Rigid” Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity

Long-term physical aging and plasticization, two <i>mobility</i>-based phenomena that are counterintuitive in the context of “rigid” polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), were evaluated using pure- and mixed-gas permeation data for representative ladder and semiladder PIMs. PIMs between 1 and 4 years old retained from 10- to 1000-fold higher H₂ and O₂ permeabilities than commercial membrane materials with similar or higher selectivities. A triptycene-based ladder polymer (TPIM-1) exhibited very large selectivity gains outweighing permeability losses after 780 days, resulting in unprecedented performance for O₂/N₂ (P­(O₂) = 61 Barrer, α­(O₂/N₂) = 8.6) and H₂/N₂ (P­(H₂) = 1105 Barrer, α­(H₂/N₂) = 156) separations. Interestingly, TPIM-1 aged more and faster than its <i>more flexible</i> counterpart, PIM-1, which exhibited P­(O₂) = 317 Barrer and α­(O₂/N₂) = 5.0 at 1380 days. Additionally, the more “rigid” TPIM-1 plasticized more significantly than PIM-1 (i.e., TPIM-1 endured ∼93% increases in mixed-gas CH₄ permeability over pure-gas values compared to ∼60% for PIM-1). A flexible 9,10-bridgehead (i.e., TPIM-2) mitigated the enhancements induced by physical aging but reduced plasticization. Importantly, <i>intra</i>-chain rigidity alone, without consideration of chain architecture and <i>ultra</i>-microporosity, is insufficient for designing aging- and plasticization-resistant gas separation membranes with high permeability and high selectivit

Role of Intrachain Rigidity in the Plasticization of Intrinsically Microporous Triptycene-Based Polyimide Membranes in Mixed-Gas CO₂/CH₄ Separations

Based on high-pressure pure- and mixed-gas (50:50) CO₂/CH₄ separation properties of two intrinsically microporous triptycene-based polyimides (TPDA–TMPD and TPDA–6FpDA), the intrachain rigidity central to “conventional PIM” design principles is not a singular solution to intrinsic plasticization resistance. Despite the significant intrachain rigidity in TPDA–TMPD, a 300% increase in <i>P</i>_MIX(CH₄), 50% decrease in α­(CO₂/CH₄) from 24 to 12, and continuous increase in <i>P</i>_MIX(CO₂) occurred from 4 to 30 bar. On the other hand, the more flexible and densely packed TPDA–6FpDA exhibited a slight upturn in <i>P</i>_MIX(CO₂) at 20 bar similar to a dense cellulose acetate (CA) film, also reported here, despite a 4-fold higher CO₂ sorption capacity. Microstructural investigations suggest that the interconnected O₂- and H₂-sieving ultramicroporosity of TPDA–TMPD is more sensitive to slight CO₂-induced dilations and is the physical basis for a more extensive and accelerated plasticization. Interchain rigidity, potentially by interchain interactions, is emphasized and may be facilitated by intrachain mobility

Quest for Anionic MOF Membranes: Continuous <b>sod</b>-ZMOF Membrane with CO₂ Adsorption-Driven Selectivity

We report the fabrication of the first continuous zeolite-like metal–organic framework (ZMOF) thin-film membrane. A pure phase <b>sod</b>-ZMOF, sodalite topology, membrane was grown and supported on a porous alumina substrate using a solvothermal crystallization method. The absence of pinhole defects in the film was confirmed and supported by the occurrence of quantifiable time-lags, for all studied gases, during constant volume/variable pressure permeation tests. For both pure and mixed gas feeds, the <b>sod</b>-ZMOF-1 membrane exhibits favorable permeation selectivity toward carbon dioxide over relevant industrial gases such as H₂, N₂, and CH₄, and it is mainly governed by favorable CO₂ adsorption

Synthesis and Gas Transport Properties of Hydroxyl-Functionalized Polyimides with Intrinsic Microporosity

A newly designed diamine monomer, 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobisindane-5,5′-diamino-6,6′-diol, was successfully used to synthesize two types of polyimides for membrane-based gas separation applications. The novel polymers integrate significant microporosity and polar hydroxyl groups, showing the combined features of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) and functional polyimides (PIs). They possess high thermal stability, good solubility, and easy processability for membrane fabrication; the resulting membranes exhibit good permeability owing to the intrinsic microporosity introduced by the highly contorted PIM segments as well as high CO₂/CH₄ selectivity that arises from the hydroxyl groups. The membranes show CO₂/CH₄ selectivities of >20 when tested with a 1:1 CO₂/CH₄ mixture for feed pressures up to 50 bar. In addition, the incorporation of hydroxyl groups and microporosity in the polymers enhances their affinity to water, leading to remarkable water sorption capacities of up to 22 wt % at 35 °C and 95% relative humidity