Regions through time and space: Problem of regionalization

The thesis is rooted in the new regional geography paradigm that gained strength in geographical thought since the 1980s. This approach is characterized by emphasizing the socially constructed nature of regions; thus, regions are scrutinized as a historically contingent process. A region is formed, reproduced and eventually disappears in time. The thesis works with the assumption that a plurality of regions, that exists in changing time- space contexts of different mechanisms and meanings, can be experienced de facto in any particular area. In simpler terms, it can be understood as a plurality of regional images produced on the one side by regional actors to fulfil their particular goals and on the other regional images produced by inhabitants in and outside the region in order to understand the outside world and position themselves within it. Motivation for the production of images can vary, from a simple manifestation of one position in the regional system, through the attempt to attract attention towards the region to exploitation of the regional potential in order to fulfil particular power-oriented aims. The general idea of a region can be sought throughout the synthesis of the many regional images that can be understood as somewhat layers of a region. The thesis contributes to the discussion..

Additional file 5: of Mitochondrial and oxidative stress genes are differentially expressed in neutrophils of sJIA patients treated with tocilizumab: a pilot microarray study

File contains the enriched genes for KEGG_Oxidative Phosphorylation pathway obtained from GSEA. (XLS 13 kb

Conditional analysis, conditioning on the SNP with the strongest evidence of association, and adding additional SNPs into the model.

<p>For each JIA subtype, the most significant SNP from single point analysis (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0047673#pone-0047673-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>) was used to start the conditional analysis, and then the most significant SNP achieving at least suggestive significance (p<0.0189) was added into the conditional model until no further SNPs were identified. In parentheses are reported the empirical p-values obtained by running 100,000 permutations.</p

Linear regression analysis between tSNPs and HapMap lymphoblastoid cell line expression levels <i>of MAPKAPK2, IL-10, IL-20, FCAMR</i> and <i>C1orf116</i>.

*<p>Allele with increased frequency in children with JIA compared with controls. This corresponds to the minor alleles for all except rs4129024 where the frequency of major allele G is higher in cases than controls.</p>†<p>Two transcript encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. They code for the same number of exons but differ at the 3′UTR region.</p>‡<p>The linear regression model was used to evaluate the association between log2-transformed expression values and genotypes of tSNPs. Associations reaching nominal significance (p<0.05) are shown in bold. One SNP reached the Bonferroni corrected threshold for 12 tests of 0.0042 = 0.05/12.</p

Results of single point analysis for JIA subtypes and 5723 WTCCC2 controls, showing tSNPs associated at p<0.05. MAF = minor allele frequency.

<p>Significant evidence of association was detected at rs1400986 for sJIA.</p>*<p>Allele frequencies of the first allele (minor allele) is indicated.</p>∧<p>rs2981572 is from PGA.</p>†<p>tSNPs examined for correlation between lymphoblastoid mRNA expression and HapMap genotypes.</p

Imputation analysis for sJIA, pOJIA, and eOJIA, showing nominal (p = 0.05) and region-wide significance at p = 00016.

<p>For imputed SNPs a cut-off of Rsq >0.3 was used (see text).</p

Conditional analysis on the most significant SNPs for each JIA subtype.

<p>For each SNP, the square represents the p-value after adjusting for the effect of the conditioned SNP, while the other end of the line shows the p-value of a single-locus analysis, prior to conditioning. Colours show the range of r² between the conditioned SNP and the tested SNP as indicated in the insert. Location of the conditioned SNPs is indicated by a black square. Thresholds are indicated for nominal (p = 0.05), suggestive (p = 0.0189) thresholds, with tSNPs above suggestive threshold indicated in bold.</p

Odds ratios for each haplotype in the best-fitting model for each JIA subtypes, with 95% CI (grey band, with width proportional to haplotype frequency in controls).

<p>Odds ratios for each haplotype in the best-fitting model for each JIA subtypes, with 95% CI (grey band, with width proportional to haplotype frequency in controls).</p

Single point results for sJIA, pOJIA, and eOJIA.

<p>Point colours indicate the different JIA subtypes. Thresholds are indicated for nominal (p = 0.05) and region-wide significance (p = 0.00166).</p