10,029 research outputs found
Targeting aid to the needy and deserving : nothing but promises?.
By reallocating aid to where it is needed most and where a productive use is most likely, donors could help alleviate poverty in developing countries. The rhetoric of donors suggests that this insight has increasingly shaped the allocation of aid. We assess the poverty and policy orientation of bilateral and multilateral aid in different ways. In addition to presenting stylized facts based on bivariate correlations, we apply a Tobit model that captures both altruistic and selfish donor motives. We find little evidence supporting the view that the targeting of aid has improved significantly. Most donors provide higher aid to relatively poor countries, but so far the fight against poverty has not resulted in a stronger focus on the most needy recipients. The estimation results reveal that the policy orientation of aid critically depends on how local conditions are measured. Applying the widely used Kaufmann index on the quality of institutions, almost all donors failed to direct aid predominantly to where local conditions were conducive to a productive use of inflows. The response of donors to changing institutional and policy conditions in recipient countries turns out to be fairly weak. In particular, we reject the proposition that multilateral aid is more targeted than bilateral aid in terms of rewarding poor countries with better policies and institutions.Entwicklungshilfe; Entwicklungskooperation; Armutspolitik; Wirtschaftspolitische Wirkungsanalyse; EntwicklungslÀnder;bilateral aid , multilateral aid , fight against poverty , economic policy assessment , quality of institutions;
Real exchange rates and economic growth in developing countries: is devaluation contractionary?
Adjustment policies and economic growth in developing countries : is devaluation contractionary?.
Anpassungsprogramm des IWF; Wirtschaftspolitik; Entwicklung; Wechselkurspolitik; EntwicklungslÀnder;
Performance analysis of parallel gravitational -body codes on large GPU cluster
We compare the performance of two very different parallel gravitational
-body codes for astrophysical simulations on large GPU clusters, both
pioneer in their own fields as well as in certain mutual scales - NBODY6++ and
Bonsai. We carry out the benchmark of the two codes by analyzing their
performance, accuracy and efficiency through the modeling of structure
decomposition and timing measurements. We find that both codes are heavily
optimized to leverage the computational potential of GPUs as their performance
has approached half of the maximum single precision performance of the
underlying GPU cards. With such performance we predict that a speed-up of
can be achieved when up to 1k processors and GPUs are employed
simultaneously. We discuss the quantitative information about comparisons of
two codes, finding that in the same cases Bonsai adopts larger time steps as
well as relative energy errors than NBODY6++, typically ranging from
times larger, depending on the chosen parameters of the codes. While the two
codes are built for different astrophysical applications, in specified
conditions they may overlap in performance at certain physical scale, and thus
allowing the user to choose from either one with finetuned parameters
accordingly.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in Research
in Astronomy and Astrophysics (RAA
SMBH in Galactic Nuclei with Tidal Disruption of Stars
Tidal Disruption of stars by super massive central black holes from dense
star clusters is modeled by high-accuracy direct -body simulation. The time
evolution of the stellar tidal disruption rate, the effect of tidal disruption
on the stellar density profile and for the first time the detailed origin of
tidally disrupted stars are carefully examined and compared with classic papers
in the field. Up to 128k particles are used in simulation to model the star
cluster around the super massive black hole, we use the particle number and the
tidal radius of black hole as free parameters for a scaling analysis. The
transition from full to empty loss-cone is analyzed in our data, the tidal
disruption rate scales with the particle number in the expected way for
both cases. For the first time in numerical simulations (under certain
conditions) we can support the concept of a critical radius of Frank & Rees
(1976), which claims that most stars are tidally accreted on highly eccentric
orbits originating from regions far outside the tidal radius. Due to the
consumption of stars moving on radial orbits, a velocity anisotropy is founded
inside the cluster. Finally we make an estimation for the real galactic center
based on our simulation results and the scaling analysis.Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures, accepted by Ap
Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei with Tidal Disruption of Stars: Paper II - Axisymmetric Nuclei
Tidal Disruption of stars by supermassive central black holes from dense
rotating star clusters is modelled by high-accuracy direct N-body simulation.
As in a previous paper on spherical star clusters we study the time evolution
of the stellar tidal disruption rate and the origin of tidally disrupted stars,
now according to several classes of orbits which only occur in axisymmetric
systems (short axis tube and saucer). Compared with that in spherical systems,
we found a higher TD rate in axisymmetric systems. The enhancement can be
explained by an enlarged loss-cone in phase space which is raised from the fact
that total angular momentum is not conserved. As in the case of
spherical systems, the distribution of the last apocenter distance of tidally
accreted stars peaks at the classical critical radius. However, the angular
distribution of the origin of the accreted stars reveals interesting features.
Inside the influence radius of the supermassive black hole the angular
distribution of disrupted stars has a conspicuous bimodal structure with a
local minimum near the equatorial plane. Outside the influence radius this
dependence is weak. We show that the bimodal structure of orbital parameters
can be explained by the presence of two families of regular orbits, namely
short axis tube and saucer orbits. Also the consequences of our results for the
loss cone in axisymmetric galactic nuclei are presented.Comment: 14 pages, 16 figures, accepted by Ap
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