Effects of feeding cassava bagasse to slow-growing broilers / Bagaço de mandioca na alimentação de frangos de crescimento lento

The aim was to determine the energy and nutritional value of cassava bagasse (CB) and to evaluate its use for feeding slow-growing broilers. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, a digestibility assay was performed to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), as well as the apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract. The CB had 88.46% dry matter (DM); 1.26% crude protein (CP); 3.86% ether extract (EE); 1.06% ash and 3565 kcal/kg of gross energy. The determined values of AME and AMEn were 2508.74 kcal/kg and 2465.30 kcal/kg, respectively. The coefficients were 69.15%; 53.59% and 84.55% for DM, CP and EE; respectively. The second experiment was performed to evaluate the performance, biometry of the digestive tract and blood parameters of slow-growing broilers fed different inclusion levels (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) of CB. In the starter phase, the inclusion of CB negatively affected feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), whereas feed conversion (FC) had a quadratic response, with the best estimated conversion at 10.39% of CB. Blood parameters in the starter phase were not influenced by CB inclusion. In the growing phase, the inclusion of CB negatively affected the WG, FC and final weight (FW). In the finishing phase, CB did not affect performance regardless of its inclusion, except for the final weight and carcass yield that were negatively affected. Relative to biometry, there was only an effect on the relative weight of the small intestine, which increased linearly. Glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol in the growing and finishing phases were not influenced by the CB levels. On the other hand, there was a quadratic effect for total protein with a maximum level of 4.74 g/dL at 10% inclusion in the growing phase, whereas uric acid increased as CB inclusion increased in the finishing phase. Based on the results of performance, biometry and blood parameters, CB can be added to slow-growing broilers diets in the starter phase up to 10.39%. The inclusion of CB in growing diets is not recommended, whereas it can be used up to the 30% without affecting the performance of slow-growing broilers in the finishing phase

Standardized extract in phenolic compounds of agroindustrial residues of guava in chicken diets

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA ([email protected]) on 2018-02-15T12:20:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Raiana Almeida Noleto - 2018.pdf: 2228954 bytes, checksum: b290e87cc69e1fc8405481ed04838e87 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2018-02-15T12:57:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Raiana Almeida Noleto - 2018.pdf: 2228954 bytes, checksum: b290e87cc69e1fc8405481ed04838e87 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-15T12:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Raiana Almeida Noleto - 2018.pdf: 2228954 bytes, checksum: b290e87cc69e1fc8405481ed04838e87 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-19Three experiments were carried out to evaluate guava extract standardized on phenolic compounds (GESPC) in broiler ration. In experiment one, were evaluated, total ash and insoluble in acids content, granulometric distribution and the intumescence rate of the plant, in liquid extract were evaluated total phenol content, flavonoids and tannins, antioxidant activity, centesimal composition and fatty acid profile was also evaluated. In experiment two, was evaluated performance, diet nutrients metabolizability, intestine histomorphometry and length, relative weight of digestible and lymphoid organs. A total of 300 male chickens were used, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and six replicates with ten birds. Treatments: basal ration (control), basal ration + 120 mg/kg vitamin E or three levels of GESPC (600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg of feed). In experiment tree, performance, carcass yield and cuts, blood biochemistry, feed fatty acid profile, pH and meat color, were evaluated 24 hours after slaughter, lipid oxidation and fatty acid profile of breast and drumstick/thigh meat at 42 days old, after 30 and 60 days of storage. A total of 600 male chickens were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments, and five replicates with 24 birds. Treatment: Basal ration (control), basal ration with 200 mg/kg vitamin E or three levels of GESPC (1,000, 1,300 and 1,600 mg/kg of feed). In experiment one, plant sample presented 5.76% total ashes, 3.22% acid insoluble ashes, moderately thick powder and 2.6 mL of intumescence rate. The extract had 0.166 mg/mL total phenols, 5.97% flavonoids and 0.315 mg/mL of tannins, 96% of moisture, 2.6% proteins, 3.0% lipids and 12 fatty acids. The antioxidant activity: IC50 = 21.7 μg/mL by DPPH method and a percentage of 1.6 x 107 μM Fe 2 SO 4/g by FRAP method. In experiment two, chickens supplemented with extract had higher weight, final weight and better feed conversion at 7 days old. There was a quadratic effect for weight gain, final weight and a decrecent linear for feed conversion at seven days old. Diet nutrients metabolizability was not influenced. In broilers supplemented with 1000 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg of GESPC, intestine length and spleen weight was longer than control group at seven days old, respectively. Chickens fed with rations whit 800 and 1,000 mg/kg of GESPC had higher villi stature in relation to villus cryo in the duodenum in relation to control at 21 days old. In experiment tree carcass performance and yield were not influenced by treatments. Broilers supplemented with 1600 mg/kg of GESPC had higher total protein levels in blood compared to control group or 1,000 mg/kg group. There was a higher volume of globulins in broilers fed with 1600 mg/kg of GESPC, in relation to other treatments. Concentration of HDL was higher in broilers blood fed with ration containing 1,600 mg/kg of GESPC in relation to control groups and 1000 mg/kg of GESPC. A higher pH on broilers breast muscle was observed, when fed with 1300 or 1600 mg/kg of GESPC compared to vitamin E group. In the drumstick/thigh, pH was higher in broilers fed with on 1600 mg/kg of GESPC or vitamin E in relation to control group. The lipid oxidation at 30 days of storage was higher in drumstick/thigh of broilers supplemented with 1,300 and 1,600 mg/kg of GESPC in relation to other treatments. The lipid oxidation at 60 days of storage was higher in drumstick/thigh of broilers supplemented with 1,600 mg/kg of GESPC in relation to other treatments. The liquid extract of guava residue contains bioactive substances, with potential antioxidant activity by the DPPH and FRAP method. The GESPC 800 or 1,000 mg/kg supplementation level may be used in broiler diets considering intestinal performance and development. The EGPCF at doses of 1,300 and 1,600 mg/kg increases the lipid oxidation of broiler meat stored for 30 and 60 days.Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o extrato de goiaba padronizado em compostos fenólicos (EGPCF) na ração de frangos. No experimento 1 foi avaliado o teor de cinzas totais e insolúveis em ácido, a distribuição granulométrica e o índice de intumescência do material vegetal, no extrato líquido foi avaliado o teor de fenóis totais, flavonoides e taninos, atividade antioxidante, composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos. No experimento 2 foi avaliado o desempenho, a metabolização dos nutrientes, a histomorfometria e comprimento do intestino e peso relativo de órgãos digestórios e linfóides. Foram utilizados 300 pintos machos, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de dez aves. Tratamentos: ração basal (controle) e ração basal + 120 mg/kg de vitamina E ou três níveis de EGPCF (600, 800 e 1.000 mg/kg de ração). No experimento 3 foi avaliado o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e cortes, bioquímica sanguínea e perfil de ácidos graxos da ração, pH e cor da carne 24 horas após o abate, oxidação lipídica e perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de peito e coxa/sobrecoxa após 30 e 60 dias de armazenamento. Foram utilizados 600 pintos machos, o delineamento foi DIC, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições de 24 aves. Tratamentos: ração basal (controle), ração basal + 200 mg/kg de vitamina E ou três níveis de EGPCF (1.000, 1.300 e 1.600 mg/kg de ração). No exp. 1 o material vegetal apresentou 5,76% de cinzas totais, 3,22% de cinzas insolúveis em ácido, pó moderadamente grosso e 2,6 mL de índice de intumescência. O EGPCF apresentou 0,166 mg/mL de fenóis totais, 5,97% de flavonoides e 0,315 mg/mL de taninos, 96% de umidade, 2,6% de proteínas, 3,0% de lipídios e 12 ácidos graxos. Atividade antioxidante: IC50 = 21,7 μg/mL (DPPH) e teor de 1,6 x 107 µM Fe2SO4/g (FRAP). No exp. 2 os frangos suplementados com extrato apresentaram maior ganho de peso e peso final e melhor conversão alimentar aos sete dias de idade. Houve efeito quadrático para ganho de peso, peso final e linear decrescente para conversão alimentar aos sete dias. A metabolização dos nutrientes da ração não foi influenciada. O comprimento do intestino e o peso do baço de frangos suplementados com 1.000 mg/kg ou 600 mg/kg de EGPCF, respectivamente, foi maior do que o do grupo controle aos sete dias. Aves alimentadas com ração com 800 e 1.000 mg/kg do EGPCF apresentaram maior altura de vilos e relação vilo cripta no duodeno em relação ao controle aos 21 dias. No exp. 3 o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça não foram influenciados. Aves suplementadas com 1.600 mg/kg de EGPCF apresentaram maiores níveis de proteínas totais no sangue em relação ao grupo controle ou grupo com 1.000 mg/kg. Houve maior volume de globulinas em frangos alimentados com ração com 1.600 mg/kg de EGPCF, em relação aos demais tratamentos. A concentração de HDL foi maior no sangue de frangos alimentados com ração com 1.600 mg/kg do EGPCF em ralação aos grupos controle e 1.000 mg/kg do EGPCF. O maior pH foi no peito de frangos alimentados com ração com 1.300 ou 1.600 mg/kg do EGPCF em relação ao grupo com a vitamina E. Na coxa/sobrecoxa, o pH foi maior nas aves que receberam ração com 1.600 mg/kg do EGPCF ou vitamina E em relação ao controle. A oxidação lipídica aos 30 dias de armazenamento foi maior na coxa/sobrecoxa dos frangos suplementados com 1.300 e 1.600 mg/kg do EGPCF em relação aos demais tratamentos. A oxidação lipídica aos 60 dias de armazenamento foi maior na coxa/sobrecoxa de frangos que receberam 1.600 mg/kg de EGPCF em relação aos demais tratamentos. O extrato líquido de resíduo de goiaba contém substâncias bioativas, com potencial atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH e FRAP. O nível de suplementação de 800 ou 1.000 mg/kg do EGPCF pode ser utilizado em rações para frangos. O EGPCF nas doses de 1.300 e 1.600 mg/kg aumenta a oxidação lipídica da carne de frangos armazenada por 30 e 60 dias

Performance and parameters intestinal of broiler fed diets containing oils of copaiba and sucupira

Submitted by Cássia Santos ([email protected]) on 2015-01-30T11:05:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Raiana Almeida Noleto.pdf: 1778330 bytes, checksum: 33c5ad1f93a1c768c529608b6ca45ad5 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2015-01-30T14:19:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Raiana Almeida Noleto.pdf: 1778330 bytes, checksum: 33c5ad1f93a1c768c529608b6ca45ad5 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-30T14:19:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Raiana Almeida Noleto.pdf: 1778330 bytes, checksum: 33c5ad1f93a1c768c529608b6ca45ad5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESTwo experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating Copaiba and Sucupira oils as an antimicrobial additive in broiler feed with low challenge. In Experiment 1, 600 one-day-old male chicks, Cobb500, were housed in boxes with reused litter. The design was completely randomized with four treatments (feed without additives; feed with avilamycin; feed with Copaiba oil and feed with Sucupira oil), with six replicates of 25 poultries each. Performance was evaluated and at 40 days of age intestine was collected to biometrics and histomorphometry. In Experiment 2, 360 Cobb500 male chicks were housed in batteries. The design was in randomized blocks, with the blocked sex, with five treatments (nonchallenged poultries group fed without additives and groups of challenged poultries fed without additives; diet with avilamycin; diet with Sucupira oil and diet with Copaiba oil), with six replicates of 12 poultries each. The challenge was performed with the crop inoculation of 0.5 ml of sterile saline 0.85% containing 2.7 x 10 6 CFU / mL Salmonella Enteritidis. Performance and feed metabolization nutrients coefficient have been reported. Biometrics of the intestine, liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius and histomorphometry of the intestine were evaluated at 14 and 35 days. Salmonella Enteritidis research was performed in fragments of spleen and liver at 14 days of age and spleen, liver and cecal tonsils at 35 days of age and weekly in cloacal swabs. Performance data, feed nutrients metabolization, histomorphometry and biometry of the organs were subjected to variance analysis and averages were compared by Tukey test (5%). For the Salmonella Enteritidis research simple frequency (percentage) was applied. In Experiment 1 the addition of 0.5g/kg diet, the Sucupira oil worsened performance compared to other treatments, and the addition of 2g/kg diet of Copaiba oil, and use of avilamycin did not influence performance. The intestinal growth was not influenced by the addition of additives. In Experiment 2 at 21 days of age, the addition of Sucupira oil resulted in worse performance compared to the group without challenge fed diets without additives. At 28 days of age, Sucupira oil worsened performance for the groups without additive and with antibiotic. The addition of Copaiba did not improve broiler performance. Metabolism of dry matter and ethereal extract, and nitrogen retention and ethereal extract in the group fed with the diet with inclusion of Copaiba or Sucupira oils were similar to groups with antibiotics, however, Sucupira oil promoted nitrogen metabolism reduction. Diets containing Copaiba oil or Sucupira oil promoted weight of spleen and bursa of Fabricius similar to that obtained with diets containing antibiotic. The inclusion of the Copaiba oil did not improve intestinal development, yet inclusion of Sucupira promoted greater duodenum villus height compared to the group receiving avilamycin at 35 days old. There was a lower Salmonella Enteritidis isolation frequency in the spleen and cloacal swabs with the addition of Copaiba oil in relation to the antibiotic group and the group with Sucupira oil. This Sucupira oil dosage is not recommended, since it impairs performance, and Copaiba oil did not promote improvements.Foram realizados dois experimentos, com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização de óleos de copaíba e sucupira como aditivo antimicrobiano na ração de frangos de corte, com baixo desafio. No experimento 1 foram alojados 600 pintos machos, Cobb500, com um dia de idade em boxes com cama reutilizada. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (ração sem aditivos; ração com avilamicina; ração com óleo de copaíba e ração com óleo de sucupira), com seis repetições de 25 aves cada. Foi avaliado o desempenho e aos 40 dias de idade foi coletado o intestino para a biometria e a histomorfometria. No Experimento 2 foram alojados 360 pintos machos Cobb500, em baterias. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, sendo o sexo blocado, com cinco tratamentos (grupo de aves não desafiadas alimentadas com ração sem aditivos e grupos de aves desafiadas alimentadas com ração sem aditivos; ração com avilamicina; ração com óleo de sucupira e ração com óleo de copaíba), com seis repetições de 12 aves cada. O desafio foi realizado com a inoculação no inglúvio de 0,5 mL de solução salina esterilizada a 0,85% contendo 2,7 x 10 6 UFC/mL de Salmonella Enteritidis. Foi avaliado o desempenho e os coeficientes de metabolização dos nutrientes das rações. Aos 14 e 35 dias foi avaliado a biometria do intestino, fígado, baço e bursa de Fabricius e a histomorfometria do intestino. Foi realizada pesquisa de Salmonella Enteritidis, em fragmentos de baço e fígado aos 14 dias de idade e baço, fígado e tonsilas cecais aos 35 dias de idade e semanalmente em suabes cloacais. Os dados de desempenho, metabolização dos nutrientes da ração, histomorfometria e biometria dos órgãos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey (5%).Para a pesquisa de Salmonella Enteritidis foi aplicada a frequência simples (percentagem). No Exp.1 a adição de 0,5g/kg de ração, do óleo de sucupira, piorou o desempenho em relação aos outros tratamentos, e a adição de 2g/kg de ração, do óleo de copaíba, e uso da avilamicina não influenciaram o desempenho. O desenvolvimento intestinal não foi influenciado pela adição dos aditivos. No Exp. 2, aos 21dias de idade, a adição do óleo de sucupira resultou em pior desempenho em relação ao grupo sem desafio alimentados com rações sem aditivos. Aos 28 dias de idade, o óleo de sucupira piorou o desempenho em relação aos grupos sem aditivo e com antibiótico. A adição do óleo de copaíba não melhorou o desempenho das aves. A metabolização da matéria seca e extrato etéreo e a retenção do nitrogênio e do extrato etéreo no grupo alimentado com ração com inclusão dos óleos de copaíba ou sucupira foram semelhante s ao grupo com antibiótico, no entanto, óleo de sucupira promoveu redução da metabolização do nitrogênio. Dietas contendo óleo de copaíba ou sucupira promoveram peso de baço e bursa de Fabricius semelhante ao obtido com dietas contendo antibiótico. A inclusão do óleo de copaíba não melhorou o desenvolvimento intestinal, já a inclusão de óleo de sucupira promoveu maior altura de vilos do duodeno em relação ao grupo que recebeu avilamicina, aos 35 dias de idade. Houve menor frequência de isolamento de Salmonella Enteritidis no baço e em suabes cloacais com a adição do óleo de copaíba em relação ao grupo com antibiótico e ao grupo com óleo de sucupira. O óleo de sucupira nessa dosagem não é recomendado, pois prejudica o desempenho, e o óleo de copaíba não promoveu melhoras

Supplementation of extract of Lafoensia pacari in the diet of semi heavy laying hens

 It was intended to evaluate the supplementation of Lafoensia pacari standardized in tannins extract in the diet of laying hens on the performance, internal and external quality of eggs and metabolism of the feed nutrients. A total of 168 Isa Brown laying hens, aged 24 weeks, with the mean weight of 2.6 kg and the mean posture rate of 87% were used during 4 periods of 28 days each. The treatments consisted of Halquinol performance-enhancing antibiotic, Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) prebiotic and three levels of pacari extract – 1,000, 2,000 and 3,000 mg kg-1of feed. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six treatments and seven replicates of four hens each. The pacari standardized in tannin extract presented a percentage of albumen and an egg weight similar to the antibiotic (p < 0.04). The supplementation with the extract improved the shell quality, verified by the specific gravity (p < 0.03) and promoted the metabolizability of ether extract similar to antibiotic and MOS (p < 0.04), allowing its indication as a phytogenic additive.

Effect of breeder age and storage conditions of Japanese quail eggs on hatchability, quail neonate quality, and Bursa of Fabricius characteristics

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate combinations of different storage periods and temperature of hatching eggs of breeder quails in two stages of the production cycle (24 and 43 weeks) on hatchability, quail neonate quality, and Bursa of Fabricius characteristics. In each experiment, a total of 1.050 Japanese quail eggs were incubated in a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement of 2 × 5 × 2, with two breeder ages (24 and 43 weeks), five storage periods (one, three, six, nine, and twelve days), and two storage temperatures (28 and 14 °C), totaling 20 treatments with 52 eggs each. Quantitative data were subjected to ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey's test. Qualitative data were subjected to Friedman's test. Polynomial regression analysis was performed in relation to the storage period of the eggs. Hatchability of 43-week-old breeders worsened as the storage period increased at 28 °C, while at 14 °C, hatchability was not affected. Yolk-free body weight was influenced only by storage period; therefore, the group stored for 12 days had the lowest yolk-free body weight. Twelve days of storage reduced the absorption of yolk residue and physical quality score and also affected neonate quail immunity. Fertile eggs from Japanese quails that are destined for incubation should be stored at 14 °C to maintain physical and immunological quality of the progeny. Moreover, eggs from older breeders originate lower-quality quails when eggs are not stored in a refrigerated environment

Níveis de triptofano digestível para frangos de corte machos nas dietas pré-inicial e inicial

The objective was to determine the digestible tryptophan requirements for male broilers in pre-starter and starter phases. Two experiments using 400 Cobb broilers were performed 200 males in the first experiment for the pre-starter phase (one to seven days old), and 200 males in the second experiment for the starter phase (eight to 21 days old). Chicks were housed in batter boxes made of galvanized steel as an experimental shed. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and five replicates, with ten birds each. In both experiments, the tryptophan requirement was determined using diets with different levels of digestible tryptophan. A tryptophan-deficient diet was formulated, as a basal diet, which was supplemented with increased levels of L-tryptophan in order to achieve the desirable digestible tryptophan levels. Treatments consisted of 0.209% (basal diet); 0.223%; 0.235% and 0.248% digestible tryptophan for the pre-starter phase (experiment 1) and 0.187% (basal diet); 0.200%, 0.211% and 0.223% digestible tryptophan for the starter phase (experiment 2). We evaluated feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion, as well as the metabolizability of feed nutrients. The performance and metabolic data were subjected to analysis of variance, and estimates of digestible tryptophan levels were made through polynomial regression models at 5% probability. There was no significant difference between the digestible tryptophan levels in the diet over performance and digestibility in both treatments. It is possible to conclude that the basal diet with 0.209% digestible tryptophan for the pre-starter phase and 0.187% for the starter phase, at a tryptophan: lysine ratio of 16%, as sufficient to meet the broilers requirements.Objetivou-se determinar as exigências de triptofano digestível para frangos de corte machos nas fases pré-inicial e inicial. Foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando 400 frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb, sendo o experimento 1 com 200 machos para a fase pré-inicial (um a sete dias de idade), e o experimento 2 com 200 machos para a fase inicial (oito a 21 dias de idade), alojados em baterias, contendo gaiolas de arame galvanizado, em um galpão experimental. Os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, divididos em quatro tratamentos, com cinco repetições e dez aves por repetição, sendo que cada repetição compreendia uma unidade experimental. Em ambos os experimentos a exigência de triptofano foi determinada utilizando dietas com diferentes níveis de triptofano digestível. Foi formulada uma ração com deficiência em triptofano, considerada a ração basal, a qual foi suplementada com L-triptofano em substituição ao material inerte com o objetivo de alcançar os níveis de triptofano digestível desejáveis. Os tratamentos consistiram em 0.209% (ração basal); 0.223%; 0.235% e 0.248% de triptofano digestível para a fase pré-inicial (experimento 1) e 0.187% (ração basal); 0.200%; 0.211% e 0.223% de triptofano digestível para a fase inicial (experimento 2). Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar, bem como foi realizada a avaliação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes das rações. Os dados de desempenho e metabolização dos nutrientes da ração foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as estimativas dos níveis de triptofano digestível foram efetuadas através dos modelos de regressão polinomial, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. Não houve diferença significativa entre os níveis de triptofano digestíveis da ração sobre o desempenho e digestibilidade das dietas em ambas as fases. É possível concluir que a dieta basal com 0.209% de triptofano digestível para a fase pré-inicial e 0.187% para a fase inicial, a uma relação triptofano:lisina de 16%, demonstrou-se suficiente para atender as exigências de frangos de corte machos