Impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognition: a review

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of brain caused by various factors which may vary according to the patient age. In epilepsy threshold for seizure generation get reduced. It may affect patient’s living and increases morbidity. Anti-epileptic drugs are given as mono or poly-therapy for seizure control. These anti-epileptics produce side-effects which are dose and duration of the treatment dependent. One of the important side effects is impact on cognitive function of the patient. However, some anti-epileptic medications also cause improvement in the cognitive function. Newer anti-epileptics are providing better compliance and impact as compared to older ones. This review article provides details of impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognitive functioning

Effect of anti-epileptic drugs on cognitive functions: a prospective study in individuals with newly diagnosed complex partial seizure and generalized tonic clonic seizure

Background: Epilepsy, the third most common neurologic disorder, deteriorates cognitive functions of the patients. Approximately 1% of the world’s population is suffering from epilepsy. Opinions regarding impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognition are divided. So, this study was designed to assess the impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognitive performance of patients with complex partial seizure and generalized tonic clonic seizure in Department of Medicine, at Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India.Methods: In present study, cognitive functions were assessed in 50 patients of newly diagnosed complex partial seizure and generalized tonic clonic seizure coming to the Department of Medicine, Surat. The cognitive functions were evaluated by Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE)-III, which assessed memory, attention, fluency, language and visuo-spatial abilities. Follow-up was done after six months of baseline.Results: Baseline and Follow-up data from 50 patients were analysed. Patient treated with anti-epileptic drugs showed significant improvement in memory, attention, language and visuo-spatial abilities whereas improvement in fluency was not significant. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were used to analyse the data. For statistical analysis of data SPSS 19.0 software was used.Conclusions: The available data indicate that the anti-epileptic drugs on short-term administration do not adversely affect cognitive function in patients with newly diagnosed CPS and GTCS. Importantly, the data suggest that the effects exerted by AEDs could depend on factors linked to patient characteristics and individual susceptibility and to comment on those factors further studies are needed

Bipolar disorder: a review of current U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved pharmacotherapy

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic disorder which usually has its onset in early adulthood. At one end of the spectrum is depression and at other is mania. Like many psychiatric illnesses, it is not treatable but its symptoms are completely manageable with medications. Commonly used drugs are mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics along with adjunctive medications such as anxiolytics and antidepressants. In general, a combination of these drugs is used for treatment. These drugs have significant adverse effects which add to the burden of the disease. Presently, there are 11 US Food and Drug Administration - approved drugs for management of acute mania, 3 for bipolar depression and 7 for bipolar maintenance. This review article details the use of these drugs in BD

COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN TRAMADOL AND KETOROLAC IN POST-OPERATIVE ANALGESIA IN CHOLECYSTECTOMY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the analgesic efficacy of Tramadol (TRA) to that of Ketorolac (KET) administered I. V. and at fixed times over 24 h after open cholecystectomy. Methods: The study enrolled 50 ASA I and II patients between 30-60 y of age of either sex undergoing open cholecystectomy. Two treatment groups were formed with 25 patients in each group which received Tramadol and Ketorolac. The pain score was measured using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: Statistical analysis was done by t-test, in which onset of action, duration of action, number of rescue analgesics required and VAS score was compared. Conclusion: Tramadol is better analgesic than Ketorolac

Hybrid Match-Line with Charge Sharing Design used in CAM

內容可定址記憶體(Content Addressable Memory, CAM)是一種能進行平行比對 搜尋的架構，經常使用於網路路由封包、數據比對運算。然而在一個時脈週期內(clock cycle)的大量資料比對搜尋，往往僅有少數資料與欲搜尋之資料相符，使得CAM之相符線(Match line)頻繁的充放電，造成大量的功率消耗，若應用在多位元的資料搜尋比對造成的功率消耗則不容小覷。因此本篇論文提出內容定址記憶體中結合電荷分享之混合型相符線設計 ( Hybrid Match-Line with Charge Sharing Design used in CAM )，藉由對相符線管線化並利用充放電特性互補的N-CAM、P-CAM並且結合電荷分享之技術達到節省功率消耗之目的。本篇論文電路模擬使用TSMC 45 奈米製程，以HSPICE軟體模擬於室溫25℃與供應電壓1.0V下之電路行為。實驗結果顯示本架構與傳統架構比較節省53.4%功率消耗、與傳統具管線化技術比較則能節省16%功率消耗。Content Addressable Memory (CAM) is a kind of parallel comparison memory architecture which provides superior performance . However, not only a few cases are matched in every data search but also suffers from huge power consumption . This paper presents Hybrid Match-Line with Charge Sharing Design used in CAM,which based on the complementary charge operation of N-type CAM (N-CAM), P-type CAM (P-CAM), and pipelined Match-Line with charge sharing in order to reduce the power consumption . Simulation shows that the proposed hybrid match-line with charge sharing technique reduces power consumption by 53.4% compared to traditional non-pipelined design and reduces 16% power dissipation compared with pipelined match-line architecture which simulated in TSMC 45nm technique.中文摘要 i 英文摘要 ii 目錄 iii 圖目錄 iv 表目錄 vi 1、簡介 1 2、內容可定址(Content Addressable Memory )記憶體架構設計 4 2.1傳統內容可定址記憶體架構 4 2.2 NOR-Type CAM架構設計 7 2.3 NAND-Type CAM架構設計 11 2.4 參考文獻與相關研究 16 3、內容定址記憶體中結合電荷分享之混合型相符線設計架構 31 3.1 設計動機 31 3.2 內容定址記憶體中結合電荷分享之混合型相符線設計架構運作 33 3.3 資料搜尋比對分析 41 3.4 Dummy相符線設計 47 4、實驗結果分析 50 4.1 功能正確性 50 4.2 功率消耗與效能分析 54 5、結論 62 6、未來展望 63 7、參考文獻 6

HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF OXALIS CORNICULATA LINN. ON NORMAL AND ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC ALBINO RATS

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate hypoglycemic action of Ethanolic extract of leaves of Oxalis corniculata linn. on normal and Alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats.   Methods: Hyperglycemia is induced by use of intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan and Adrenaline. After that test drug Ethanolic extract of leaves of Oxalis corniculata (ELOC) and standard drug Glibenclamide in administered. The hypoglycemic effect of ELOC is compared with the standard drug and control.   Results: Significant hypoglycemic activity of ELOC was seen in Alloxan induced hyperglycemia when blood glucose levels were estimated from different tissues. Also, significant hypoglycemic activity of ELOC was seen in Adrenaline induced hyperglycemia.   Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of leaves of Oxalis corniculata (ELOC) possess hypoglycemic activity. Key words: hypoglycemic activity, Alloxan, Oxalis corniculat

Neuronal SNAP-23 is critical for synaptic plasticity and spatial memory independently of NMDA receptor regulation

Summary: SNARE-mediated membrane fusion plays a crucial role in presynaptic vesicle exocytosis and also in postsynaptic receptor delivery. The latter is considered particularly important for synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, yet the identity of the key SNARE proteins remains elusive. Here, we investigate the role of neuronal synaptosomal-associated protein-23 (SNAP-23) by analyzing pyramidal-neuron specific SNAP-23 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Electrophysiological analysis of SNAP-23 deficient neurons using acute hippocampal slices showed normal basal neurotransmission in CA3-CA1 synapses with unchanged AMPA and NMDA currents. Nevertheless, we found theta-burst stimulation-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) was vastly diminished in SNAP-23 cKO slices. Moreover, unlike syntaxin-4 cKO mice where both basal neurotransmission and LTP decrease manifested changes in a broad set of behavioral tasks, deficits of SNAP-23 cKO are more limited to spatial memory. Our data reveal that neuronal SNAP-23 is selectively crucial for synaptic plasticity and spatial memory without affecting basal glutamate receptor function