Educational Interpreter Services for Hearing-Impaired Students: Provider and Consumer Disagreements

Thirteen supervisors of educational programs for hearing-impaired students completed an assessment designed to determine the need for educational interpreters in a midwestern state and how well it was being met. The results suggested that the trend toward the integration of hearing-impaired students in to regular programs continues and that, with the higher incidence of integration, there is an associated unmet need for educational interpreters. Nine supervisors, 24 teachers, 27 interpreters and 18 hearing-impaired college students rated the characteristics and skills of interpreters which they perceived to be most important. Significant differences existed between and within groups in the characteristics and skills perceived important to educational interpreting (p\u3c .05). Major differences existed between the skills and characteristics cited as most important by hearing-impaired persons and those cited by teachers and interpreters

Educational Interpreter Services for Hearing-Impaired Students: Provider and Consumer Disagreements

Thirteen supervisors of educational programs for hearing-impaired students completed an assessment designed to determine the need for educational interpreters in a midwestern state and how well it was being met. The results suggested that the trend toward the integration of hearing-impaired students in to regular programs continues and that, with the higher incidence of integration, there is an associated unmet need for educational interpreters. Nine supervisors, 24 teachers, 27 interpreters and 18 hearing-impaired college students rated the characteristics and skills of interpreters which they perceived to be most important. Significant differences existed between and within groups in the characteristics and skills perceived important to educational interpreting (p\u3c .05). Major differences existed between the skills and characteristics cited as most important by hearing-impaired persons and those cited by teachers and interpreters

Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $\alpha=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating.Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 7