Biological Response to Carbon-Family Nanomaterials: Interactions at the Nano-Bio Interface

During the last few decades, several studies have suggested that carbon-based nanomaterials, owing to their unique properties, could act as promising candidates in biomedical engineering application. Wide-ranging research efforts have investigated the cellular and molecular responses to carbon-based nanomaterials at the nano-bio interfaces. In addition, a number of surface functionalization strategies have been introduced to improve their safety profile in the biological environment. The present review discusses the general principles of immunological responses to nanomaterials. Then, it explains essential physico-chemical properties of carbon-familynanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, fullerene, carbon quantum dots (CDs), diamond-like carbon (DLC), and mesoporous carbon biomaterials (MCNs), which significantly affect the immunological cellular and molecular responses at the nano-bio interface. The discussions also briefly highlight the recent studies that critically investigated the cellular and molecular responses to various carbon-based nanomaterials. It is expected that the most recent perspective strategies for improving the biological responses to carbon-based nanomaterials can revolutionize their functions in emerging biological applications

Kinesin-1 Traffic Control in Neuronal Highway

Context: The current study aimed to review research articles concerning kinesin-1 traffic control in the neuronal highways Evidence Acquisition: This review article compromised previous studies published since 1980 using PubMed, Google scholar, Embase, Medline, science direct and SID databases according to the keywords. Results: Kinesin-1 often recognizes scaffold proteins or adaptor proteins and binds to cargo membrane proteins directly as part of a protein complex. Several kinases and microtubule associated proteins are identified in the regulation of motor-cargo unloading. The mechanisms by which kinesin-1 recognizes and binds to specific cargos, and how to unload cargo and determine the direction of transport, are now identified. Conclusions: In summary, the current review article demonstrated that some proteins such as adaptors, Scaffolds, chaperons and microtubule associated proteins and some metabolites, hormones, protein kinases and exercise training can regulate kinesin-1 traffic control in neuronal highway. These findings open exciting new areas of kinesin-1 research. Keywords: Kinesin-1, Scaffold Proteins, Adaptor Proteins, Neuronal Transpor

Investigating the Emotional Theory of Mind in Iranian Married Women: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study

In marital relationships, the type of perception of the spouse’s behavior affects how the social information and behavior of the other couple is processed, leading to psychological consequences. Thus, a higher perception of each other’s mental state is followed by sincerity and more satisfaction with the relations. The present study was performed by using a descriptive phenomenological qualitative approach with the aim of investigating emotional theory of mind in 19 married Iranian women who were selected by purposive sampling in 2017. In order to coding data, MAXQDA 2018 software and the Colaizzi’s method were used for coding and analyzing the data, respectively. Finally, about three concepts including the emotion type, emotion expression and emotion regulation were extracted from the interviews. Results showed in emotion type, women remarked positive emotions of satisfaction and gratitude and negative emotions of sorrow and sadness only about themselves. Although emotion expression was possible through three ways but in women\u27s view point, men did not react to positive emotion non-verbally. In the third category, coping with negative emotions in the form of going into retreat was raised merely about men and emotion discharge and forgetfulness merely about women. The findings of the present study, a qualitative examination of emotions of the two genders from the viewpoint of women, is to a great extent in line with previous self-report and quantitative studies; they can be applied for Iran and other countries with similar culture and structure

A Fault Tolerance Algorithm for Resource Discovery in Semantic Grid Computing Using Task Agents

One of the interesting topics in grid computing systems is resources discovery. After the failure of a resource in a chain of resources made for a specific task in grid environment, discovering and finding a new resource that reconstructs the chain is an important topic. In this study, with defining new agent that is called task agent, and by proposing an algorithm, we will increase the fault tolerance against probable failure of a resource in the resource chain

Data Replication-Based Scheduling in Cloud Computing Environment

Abstract— High-performance computing and vast storage are two key factors required for executing data-intensive applications. In comparison with traditional distributed systems like data grid, cloud computing provides these factors in a more affordable, scalable and elastic platform. Furthermore, accessing data files is critical for performing such applications. Sometimes accessing data becomes a bottleneck for the whole cloud workflow system and decreases the performance of the system dramatically. Job scheduling and data replication are two important techniques which can enhance the performance of data-intensive applications. It is wise to integrate these techniques into one framework for achieving a single objective. In this paper, we integrate data replication and job scheduling with the aim of reducing response time by reduction of data access time in cloud computing environment. This is called data replication-based scheduling (DRBS). Simulation results show the effectiveness of our algorithm in comparison with well-known algorithms such as random and round-robin

Adaptive response of slow and fast skeletal muscle following mechanical hindlimb suspension in Wistar male rats

Mechanical hindlimb suspension of lower extremities leads to prompt atrophy in rats' skeletal muscles. The present research was designed to study cross-section area (CSA) and the expression level of the genes ATF4, P53, MST1, and atrogin-1 in slow and fast skeletal muscles following mechanical hindlimb suspension. 20 male Wistar rats were assigned randomly in to two groups: control (Con) and hind-limb suspension (HU) (10 rats per each group). In HU group, tail suspension was designed for 14 constitutive days; however, animals in the control group passed a normal life.  The findings indicated that hind-limb suspension could relatively diminish CSA, myonuclei number per fiber and the weight of both soleus and EDL muscles. However, these reductions were not significant for EDL muscle. Furthermore, the expression level of the MST1, atrogin-1, ATF4, and p53 in soleus muscles elevated significantly. Moreover, the expression level of all four genes increased significantly in EDL muscle. Comparison of genes expression level between two soleus and EDL muscles showed that expression of MST1, ATF4, and p53 genes were higher in soleus than EDL, but it was not the case for atrogin-1 as its expression level was more in EDL compared to soleus. Our study provides novel evidence that immobilization of hind-limbs can induce a more powerful atrophic response in slow muscles in comparison to fast ones

Molecular Cloning of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP- 2) in pGEM-b1 Vector and Transformation into E.coli Rosetta Strain

Background: Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP- 2) belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins and plays an important role in the development of bone and cartilage. BMP- 2 is also associated with maintenance and repair of damaged bone. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP- 2) is now produced by genetic engineering techniques and used in treatment of thin bone fractures in the jaw and spine. In this study we aimed to extract and amplify the BMP- 2 gene from human osteoblast cell line MG-63, insert the amplified BMP- 2 gene into pGEM-b1 cloning vector, and then transform the recombinant vector into the E.coli strain of Rosetta. This technique can be used in future research and BMP- 2 expression.Methods: After culturing MG-63 cells, approximately 5 million viable cells were used for extraction of Total RNA. The extracted RNA was used for cDNA synthesis in RT-PCR reaction. Then, the BMP- 2 gene was amplified by specific primers and the PCR product was cloned in the pGEM-b1 vector. Chemically competent E.coli cells were prepared using CaCl2 0.1 M and transformed with recombinant pGEM-b1 vector under heat shock. The transformed E.coli Rosetta bacteria were inoculated on LB agar medium containing Ampicillin. Bacterial colony containing recombinant vector was isolated and used for plasmid extraction. The extracted plasmid was used for specific PCR to confirm the presence of BMP- 2 gene in pGEM- b1 vector.Results: After transformation, the E.coli Rosetta had the ability to become resistant to ampicillin and could grow on ampicillin- containing medium. While non-transformed E.coli Rosetta could not grow on LB agar containing ampicillin. The 1100 bp fragment was obtained from PCR amplification with specific primers, indicating that the BMP- 2 gene was inserted into pGEM-b1 vector.Conclusions: The pGEM-b1 vector and E.coli Rosetta strain were not used for BMP- 2 cloning in previous investigations. Therefore, this method may be a useful approach to reduce the challenges ahead of the optimization of BMP- 2 production.

Molecular Cloning of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP- 2) in pGEM-b1 Vector and Transformation into E.coli Rosetta Strain

Background: Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP- 2) belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins and plays an important role in the development of bone and cartilage. BMP- 2 is also associated with maintenance and repair of damaged bone. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP- 2) is now produced by genetic engineering techniques and used in treatment of thin bone fractures in the jaw and spine. In this study we aimed to extract and amplify the BMP- 2 gene from human osteoblast cell line MG-63, insert the amplified BMP- 2 gene into pGEM-b1 cloning vector, and then transform the recombinant vector into the E.coli strain of Rosetta. This technique can be used in future research and BMP- 2 expression.Methods: After culturing MG-63 cells, approximately 5 million viable cells were used for extraction of Total RNA. The extracted RNA was used for cDNA synthesis in RT-PCR reaction. Then, the BMP- 2 gene was amplified by specific primers and the PCR product was cloned in the pGEM-b1 vector. Chemically competent E.coli cells were prepared using CaCl2 0.1 M and transformed with recombinant pGEM-b1 vector under heat shock. The transformed E.coli Rosetta bacteria were inoculated on LB agar medium containing Ampicillin. Bacterial colony containing recombinant vector was isolated and used for plasmid extraction. The extracted plasmid was used for specific PCR to confirm the presence of BMP- 2 gene in pGEM- b1 vector.Results: After transformation, the E.coli Rosetta had the ability to become resistant to ampicillin and could grow on ampicillin- containing medium. While non-transformed E.coli Rosetta could not grow on LB agar containing ampicillin. The 1100 bp fragment was obtained from PCR amplification with specific primers, indicating that the BMP- 2 gene was inserted into pGEM-b1 vector.Conclusions: The pGEM-b1 vector and E.coli Rosetta strain were not used for BMP- 2 cloning in previous investigations. Therefore, this method may be a useful approach to reduce the challenges ahead of the optimization of BMP- 2 production.

Differential Expression of CD16 and CD56 on Natural Killer (NK) Cell Subsets in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are inflammatory and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). NK cells are supposed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of MS, but their role in the NMO remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of different subpopulations of NK cells in the patients with MS and NMO and healthy individuals. Methods: Treatment Naive MS and NMO patients, age, and sex matched controls were included in this study. PBMCs were isolated from peripheral blood and different phenotypes of circulating NK cells were compared with the flow cytometry analysis. Results: There were no significant differences in the mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD56 bright molecule in patients with MS and NMO. However, the mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD56bright molecule were significantly lower in all patients groups, compared to controls. In addition, the mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD16dim molecule was significantly higher in the patients with MS, compared to controls/any other groups. The mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD56dim molecule were significantly higher in the patients with MS than the controls. There were significant differences in the mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD16bright molecule between the patients with MS, and NMO/controls. Conclusions: The results indicate that evaluation of NK cell subsets has an implication for the biomarker discovery and therapeutic targets in given diseases

Differential Expression of CD16 and CD56 on Natural Killer (NK) Cell Subsets in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are inflammatory and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). NK cells are supposed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of MS, but their role in the NMO remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of different subpopulations of NK cells in the patients with MS and NMO and healthy individuals. Methods: Treatment Naive MS and NMO patients, age, and sex matched controls were included in this study. PBMCs were isolated from peripheral blood and different phenotypes of circulating NK cells were compared with the flow cytometry analysis. Results: There were no significant differences in the mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD56 bright molecule in patients with MS and NMO. However, the mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD56bright molecule were significantly lower in all patients groups, compared to controls. In addition, the mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD16dim molecule was significantly higher in the patients with MS, compared to controls/any other groups. The mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD56dim molecule were significantly higher in the patients with MS than the controls. There were significant differences in the mean percentages of circulating NK cells expressing the CD16bright molecule between the patients with MS, and NMO/controls. Conclusions: The results indicate that evaluation of NK cell subsets has an implication for the biomarker discovery and therapeutic targets in given diseases