Hormonal adaptations to endurance training versus resistance training in postmenopause obese women: a randomized clinical trial

زمینه و هدف: لپتین و آدیپونکتین از جمله آدیپوسایتوکاین های مترشحه از بافت چربی هستند که در پاتوژنز چاقی و اختلالات همراه با آن نقش دارند. پژوهش حاضر تاثیر تمرینات استقامتی و مقاومتی را بر سطح سرمی لپتین، آدیپونکتین و شاخص مقاومت به انسولین (HOMA-IR) در زنان چاق یائسه غیر فعال مورد مطالعه قرار داده است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه یک کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی سازی شده از نوع کاربردی با روش نیمه تجربی بود. بدین منظور 24 زن چاق (شاخص توده بدنی ≥ 53/30 کیلوگرم بر مجذور متر) یائسه غیر فعال (میانگین سنی3 ± 25/52 سال) به صورت تصادفی در سه گروه استقامتی، مقاومتی و شاهد در 10 هفته تمرینات مقاومتی (60-40 یک تکرار بیشینه) و استقامتی شنا (60-40 ضربان قلب بیشینه)، سه جلسه در هفته شرکت کردند. شاخص های آنتروپومتریک، سطوح لپتین و آدیپونکتین و HOMA-IR قبل و بعد از اجرای تمرینات اندازه گیری شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با آزمون تی زوجی، آزمون آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون همبستگی پیرسون در سطح معنی داری 05/0>P انجام گرفت. یافته ها: اجرای تمرینات استقامتی ضمن کاهش معنی دار لپتین پلاسما (44/10، 012/0=P)، HOMA-IR (44/25، 002/0=P) و بهبود کلیه شاخص های جسمانی مورد بررسی، با افزایش معنی دار سطوح آدیپونکتین (61/45، 015/0=P) پلاسما همراه بود. ولی در گروه تمرینات مقاومتی تغییر معنی داری در هیچ یک از فاکتورهای خونی و آنتروپومتریک مشاهده نگردید (05/

Sudden cardiac death in athletes: A mini-review

Elite young athletes with clinically silent cardiovascular disorders are at risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in competitive sports activity. SCD is caused by a variety of conditions; in middle-aged/senior athletes, atherosclerotic coronary artery disease accounts for the vast majority of cases. In younger athletes, the spectrum of SCD causes is broader and includes inherited (cardiomyopathies) and congenital structural heart disease. Inherited ion channelopathies have been implicated also, with an apparently normal heart morphology identified at autopsy. SCD screening allows identification of athletes affected by occult conditions at a pre-symptomatic stage, and may lead to reduction of risk of SCD during sporting competition or training. The use of modern criteria for interpretation of the electrocardiogram (ECG) offers the potential to improve screening accuracy by reducing the number of false positives. Exercise testing in middle aged/senior athletes engaged in leisure sports activity is likely to be effective in screening significant coronary risk factors, while it is less effective in lower risk groups. Besides screening, the availability of automated external defibrillators at sporting environments is a preventative strategy to help intervene during unexpected cardiac arrest

The effect of combination of Tamoxifen with interval and continue training on tumor mass in Mice with breast cancer tumor

Background: Beast cancer is considered as the most common malignancy among females in the world .in Iran, this cancer is also the most prevalent malignancy among women. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of Tamoxifen and interval and continues training on tumor mass Balb/c mice suffering from breast cancer Methods: for this reason 30 female balb/c mice were utilized and after transplant carcinoma tumor to mice randomly divided in 4 groups 6 groups as follow : 1:tumor-control 2:tumor-continue training 3:tumor –continue training-Tamoxifen 4:tumor-interval training 5: tumor-interval training-Tamoxifen 6:tumor-tamoxifen. Continues training protocol was done for 6 weeks at 25% to 75% vo2max and interval training protocol was done for 6 weeks at 20% to 55%vot2 max between 1 until 10 interval rep *1 min . The drug was injected every day during research program. Blood samples were collected after protocol. The levels of Heat shock protein 70-kDa (Hsp70), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and interferon gamma (IFN γ) were measured with ELISA method, and the resulting data was analyzed with SPSS 10 statistical software Result: Data analysis showed that the Hsp70 levels in both groups of interval and interval plus Tamoxifen were decreased (P=0.459). Also in continues group was increased (p\u3e0/05).The IL-4 level in both groups of interval and interval plus Tamoxifen showed no significant differences compared to tumor control (P=0.112). The IFN γ level in both groups of interval and interval plus Tamoxifen showed an increase, but was not significant compared to control group(P=0.784). Conclusion: tumor mass in interval training only, interval training and Tamoxifen treated showed a significant decrease in the tumor growth in comparison with control group. But tumor mass in continues group was increased in comparison control group

A Generalized Framework for Critical Heat Flux Detection Using Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation

This work proposes a framework developed to generalize Critical Heat Flux (CHF) detection classification models using an Unsupervised Image-to-Image (UI2I) translation model. The framework enables a typical classification model that was trained and tested on boiling images from domain A to predict boiling images coming from domain B that was never seen by the classification model. This is done by using the UI2I model to transform the domain B images to look like domain A images that the classification model is familiar with. Although CNN was used as the classification model and Fixed-Point GAN (FP-GAN) was used as the UI2I model, the framework is model agnostic. Meaning, that the framework can generalize any image classification model type, making it applicable to a variety of similar applications and not limited to the boiling crisis detection problem. It also means that the more the UI2I models advance, the better the performance of the framework.Comment: This work has been submitted to the Expert Systems With Applications Journal on Sep 25, 202

Hormonal adaptations to moderate-intensity endurance training in sedentary obese men

Introduction: Exercise and physical activity improve obesity and its complications via affecting on hormones regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism. This study examined the influence of moderate-intensity endurance training on serum levels of leptin, cortisol, testosterone, growth hormone and insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) in sedentary obese men.Materials and Methods: 20 sedentary obese men (BMI≥30) in two experimental and control groups participated in 16 weeks of moderate- intensity endurance training (60-70% of reserve heart rate), three days per week. Serum levels of leptin, cortisol, testosterone, growth hormone and insulin, and anthropometric indices were measured before and after the last training session.Results: Although 16 weeks of moderate- intensity endurance training significantly decreased leptin level (P=0.003) and increased cortisol (P=0.009) and growth hormone (P=0.040) levels, but no significant changes was observed in testosterone and insulin concentrations, and insulin resistance index in training group (P>0.05). Pearson correlation did not mentioned significant correlations between the primary level of leptin and primary values of anthropometric indices and HOMA-IR (P>0.05). However following the intervention, there were significant correlations between changes in leptin concentrations and changes in weight, BMI, waist circumference and WHR (P<0.05).Conclusion: Moderate- intensity endurance training improves body composition and changes leptin, cortisol and growth hormone concentration; and therefore ameliorates metabolic hormonal profile in obese men. However, these changes may not be in the line with changes in insulin and testosteron

The effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training on gene expression of liver X receptors (LXR) in Wistar male rats

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval training on gene expression of liver X receptors (LXR) in Wistar male rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 male wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly used to three groups for this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were prepared and divided into three groups: control (8 = n), high intensity intermittent exercise (8 = n) and continuous submaximal exercise (8 = n), respectively. The treadmill exercise program was performed for eight weeks, three days a week for 40 minutes. High intense exercise protocol, 30 minutes running periodic (every period of four minutes and two minutes running with 90-85% of VO2 max intensity active recovery with 60-50% of VO2 max) three days a week for eight weeks. Also, the continuous training group under maximum was an &nbsp;exercise intensity equivalent to 50 to 55 percent of maximum oxygen consumption of the &nbsp;mice. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the four groups in the gene expression level, after data analysis and test research hypotheses, findings of this study show that the expression of LXR alpha gene, apolipoprotein 1, ABCG1 a significant increase in intensity interval exercise than the control group (p = 0.004). The results also showed a significant difference between the three groups in the expression of LXR beta and apolipoprotein 2, SR-BI does not exist. Although the results showed a slight increase in groups of periodic training and continuing slight increase, but this has not led to a significant difference. Conclusion: Overall results indicated the superiority of intense interval training than submaximal exercise in reverse cholesterol transport is continuous. Intense interval training by increasing hepatic expression of the receptor gene as well as the main cause of the liver and eventually out HDL receptors can play an important role in reducing cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. &nbsp

Are Fundamental Movement Patterns Affected by Functional Training in Youth Male Soccer Players?

Introduction: Appropriate movement patterns are important for both injury prevention and athletic performance. Therefore, the use of Functional Movement Screen (FMS), which has been shown to be effective in predicting sport injuries, is recommended by many sports specialists in designing training programs. On the other hand, questions remain regarding its utility as a means to evaluate the effectiveness of training. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a functional training program can affect the fundamental movement patterns. Materials and Methods: The study participants consisted of 27 youth male soccer players in the age range of 14 to 16 years and free from pain and previous injury in different layers. The subjects were allocated to experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed functional training for 10 weeks. The total time devoted to training was the same in both groups. Before and after the functional training, FMS was evaluated in both groups. Independent t-test and ANCOVA were used for statistical analysis at the significance level of P < 0.05. Results: A significant difference was observed in FMS score between experimental group (18.07 ± 1.49) and control group (16.07 ± 1.11) (P < 0.001; Effect size = 0.71). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that fundamental movement patterns improved as a result of a functional training intervention in youth male soccer players. Therefore, coaches and sports specialists can be recommended to pay special attention to functional training. The investigation of the effect of functional training on other injury risk factors in future studies seems necessary

The Effect of Submaximal Aerobic Training on Serum Irisin Level in Obese Men; with Emphasis on the Role of Irisin in Insulin-Resistance Change

Abstract Background: Irisin is a new myokine that exerts its positive effects via increasing energy expenditure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of submaximal aerobic training on serum irisin level and irisin-related insulin-resistance change in obese men. Materials and Methods: In this study, 26 obese men were selected as statistical sample and they were divided into experimental groups. Former group (13 men) consisted of subjects who carried out exercise training with 50-60 percent of maximum max heart rate for 10 continuous weeks (3 sessions per week for 30 to 45 minutes in each session). Later group was consisted of subjects who do not carried out exercise training. After the interventions of study, irisin serum levels, insulin resistance indices, body composition and maximum oxygen consumption were determined. Finally, data were analyzed by Stata software. Results: Statistical data analysis illustrated that the amounts of irisin serum were significantly increased in exercise training group than control group (14.75±6.22; p=0.022) after the intervention. Also, only body fat percentage (1.242±0.57) and max oxygen consumption (1.509±0.328) of subjects were significantly increased (p=0.034 and p=0.0001, respectively). However, there were not statistically significant changes in irisin- related insulin-resistance indices (p>0.05). Conclusion: Current study presented that serum irisin was increased after 30 submaximal exercise training sessions regardless of insulin resistance changes in obese men

Telocytes response to cardiac growth induced by resistance exercise training and endurance exercise training in adult male rats

Abstract Telocytes are interstitial cells found in different tissues, including cardiac stem cell niches. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of the telocytes to the cardiac growth that occurs in response to resistance and endurance exercise trainings using rats distributed into control, endurance, and resistance training groups. Results revealed that the ratio of heart weight to body weight, cardiomycyte number, cardiomyocyte area, thickness of the left ventricular wall were significantly higher in the training groups compared to the control group. We observed increment in the cardiomyocytes surface area and thickness of the left ventricular wall in the resistance-training group than endurance-training group. We conclude that both resistance and endurance exercise trainings will lead to an increased number of cardiac telocytes, consequently, promote activity of the cardiac stem cells, and results in physiological cardiac growth, and this response does not seem to depend on the type of exercise

The Effect of Three-Week Intensive Interval Training on Lipocalin-2 and Interleukin1-β in Healthy and Adult Rat Hippocampus

Abstract Background: In response to the exercise, variety of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory changes in cytokines were occurred into the tissue spaces and also to the systemic circulation. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of three-week intensive interval training on Lipocalin-2 and Interleukin1-β in healthy and adult rat hippocampus. Materials and Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into training and control groups. Training group performed 15 (bouts) × 4 (min) exercise training for 60 min with 85 to 90% of VO2max used for four sessions/week (for 3 weeks). Then, blood (for ELISA analyzing) and tissue sampling was performed from rat’s hippocampus and they were evaluated by using a Real-Time PCR method. Also, independent and paired t tests were used to define within and between group differences. Results: Findings showed that gene translations of Lipocalin-2 and Interleukin1-β were significantly decreased in rat’s hippocampus (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001, respectively). Also, similar decreases were shown in serum levels of Lipocalin-2 and Interleukin1-β in rats (p=0.017 and p=0.003, respectively). Conclusion: It seems that significant decrease of Lipocalin-2 subsequent of short-time intensive interval training is due to decreasing and significant changes in Interleukin1-β. Also, current training protocol on treadmill can significantly decrease levels of Lipocalin-2 and Interleukin1-β in rat serum and hippocampus