A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa.

The progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous, and the full impact is not yet well understood. In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new variants

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance.

Investment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences that have been generated and used to track the pandemic on the continent, a number that now exceeds 100,000 genomes. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries that are able to sequence domestically and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround times and more-regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and illuminate the distinct dispersal dynamics of variants of concern-particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron-on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve while the continent faces many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Evaluasi Pengendalian Internal Siklus Kredit Studi kasus pada PT. Bank Pembangungan Daerah Sumatera Barat

The Bank constantly faced with the risk of business loans to customers. To minimize the risk that business will need a reliable internal control. As a company that the main source of income from loan interest credit cycle, the internal control is very important for a bank. The design of internal control depends on the credit cycle management attention on a reliable internal control. In the annual report of PT. Bank Pembangunan Daerah Sumatera Barat, which is more in the know with the "Bank Nagari", author discovered that non-performing loans at the level of 3.30% while the industry average (the Regional Development Banks throughout Indonesia) at the level of 1.71%. In evaluating the effectiveness of internal control of credit cycles PT. Bank Pembangunan Daerah Sumatera Barat, the author uses the framework of internal control in accordance with the guidelines for internal control systems to commercial banks from Bank Indonesia. Framework for assessing internal control that author use consists of five elements, that�s is: (1) Environmental Control, (2) identification and risk assessment, (3) control activities and segregation of duties, (4) accounting systems, information and communication, and (5) monitoring activities and corrective actions deviation. Data collection techniques that authors use that is, (1) questionnaire technique and (2) interview techniques, and findings of internal auditors in the branch X. To gain more understanding of the authors do question and answer to the respondents related the salient points of the questionnaire that author use. Data obtained from respondents further classified into finer writer 5 elements of internal control of credit cycles. From the results of data analysis can be concluded that internal control of credit cycle is middle effective. Questionnaire results showed that the internal control of bank credit cycle has been effective unless the problem of credit composition. But from the interview data and findings of internal auditors in the branch x, there are still several steps to improve the future. Step Improved internal control credit cycle that can be done, that is: (1) Improved understanding of credit analysis framework to the Accounts officer, (2) Adding the economic conjuncture cycle analysis within the framework of bank credit analysis, (3) Increased supervision inherent in accordance with the bank's organizational structure, (4) perform monthly reconciliation between accounting data and management information system data on units in the internal environment bank loans

PENERAPAN SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL PADA PD. CITRA KARTINI

A trade company is owned usually by an individual, whom he/she has responsibilities toward overall company�s risks. One of risks which usually faced by a trade company is management difficult