Changes in R&D Expenditure and Productivity Growth: A Causal Analysis

A study was conducted to directly test the presence of causal relationship between changes in research and development (R&D) expenditure and productivity growth. Granger causality tests are performed using annual time series data for the period 1956-1983. Three measures of productivity are used -- National Income, National Income per person employed, and National Income per hour of work in the nonresidential business sector. Results show that changes in R&D expenditure affect the growth rate of the 3 productivity measures with different degrees of intensity. National Income per hour of work shows the highest growth rate, with the peak effect occurring in the 2nd year and maintaining a high growth rate through the 4th year. National Income shows the 2nd highest growth rate. The growth rate of all 3 measures decreases significantly in the 4th year. These results suggest that when projecting economic growth, planners should take R&D investment levels into account

Konsep Terapi Perilaku dan Self-Efficacy

Bimbingan Konseling di sekolah, saat ini, mungkin tidak bisa disamakan dengan paradigma klasik yang mengandalkan pada proses pembelajaran semata. Teoriteori Bimbingan Konseling selalu berkembang menyesuaikan dengan rumpun ilmunya, yakni psikologi. Oleh sebab itulah, ada beberapa hasil kajian psikologis yang juga menjadi alat atau instrument Guru BK di sekolah dalam menyelenggaran praktek konseling. Salah satunya adalah dengan Terapi Perilaku untuk menumbuhkan kepercayaan diri terhadap peserta didik. Tulisan ini akan mengulas banyak tentang apa makna terapi perilaku dan self efficacy dalam pengertian teoritik, dan apa saja yang menjadi komponen penting pelaksanaan terapi in

Membangun Karakter Pebelajar Unggulan Melalui Pembelajaran Matematika

Ministry of National Education has proclaimed the needs to develop Character Education in every educational level. In order to help better implementation of character education, the author proposes to focus the mathematics teaching and learning to produce excellent learner characters, i.e. learners which have: (1) self initiative, (2) critical, creative, and innovative thinking, and (3) wise and cautious. In addition to teaching mathematical content, the author suggests the mathematics teachers to use mathematician autobiography as a tool to realize the importance of those excellent characters, and use the classroom as a place for modeling those characters. In addition, the author suggests the use of cognitive conflict, puzzles and module system approach to develop the excellent learner characters. Keywords: Cautious, Creative, Critical, Character, Excellent Learners, Innovative, Mathematics, Self Initiatives, Teaching and Learning Activities, Thinking, Wise

Tracer studies in the solution chemistry of heavy elements

Sorption of yttrium, lanthanum and cerium (III) ions on Zeo-Karb 225 (SRC 15) and De-acidite from perchlorate media has been studied at 25 C and a tracer concentration of the ions concerned. It has been found that the sorption of these ions on the resins in question follows nearly an identical pattern, and that the changes of the hydrogen-ion concentration in the pH range of 2.5-4 have only a very slight effect on the values of the distribution co-efficients. Taking yttrium-glycollate as a representative for the systems involving glycollate or other ligands and the triva-lent rare-earth ions and those from the actinium series using yttrium-91 as a tracer and a perchlorate medium of μ = 0.50M, the effect of the cross-linking of a resin on the β(_n) values of the system in question has been studied and found to be negligible for the 2%, 4-5%, and 8% DVB resins provided the necessary corrections due to swelling of the resins are duly taken into account. An investigation of the same system with Zem-Karb 225 (SRC 15) at different v/m ratios in the range of 15/0.20 and 15/0.60 has revealed that subject to the appropriate corrections due to swelling of the resin having been made, such changes of the v/m ratio have no significant effect on the values of the system concerned. It has been further observed that a treatment of a complexing solution with resins of different cross-linking practically entails no significant loss of the ligand species (glycollate) from the complexing solution. Having made the above investigations of the resin/solution behaviour in perchlorate media at 25 C, the method (cation-exchange) was adopted for a tracer study of the systems involving yttrium, lanthanum, cerium (III),europium (III), actinium and americium (III) ions and chloride, fluoride, sulphate, oxalate, -hydroxyisobutyrate and glycollate ligands. The stability constants have been computed by a graphic method based on a theory proposed by Fronaeus (^78,102). The results obtained are generalize in good agreement with those reported by other workers as a result of their investigation of the systems in question by ion-exchange, solvent-extraction, pH or potentiometric methods under comparable conditions, and have further shown the dependence of the chemistry of the concerned ions on the sizes of their respective crystal ionic-radii. The ratios of the β(_I) values for the lanthanum/ actinium and europium (III)/americium (III) systems involving sulphate, oxalate and α-hydroxyisobutyrate ligands have been worked out and found to be in general near unity; this is an evidence in support of similar interactions between the metal ions of both the lanthanum and actinium series and the noted ligands in aqueous systems

“If We Learn for Ourselves, We Don’t Have to Be Taught”: Native Childhood and Pedagogies of Becoming in Tommy Orange’s There There

Samira Abdur-Rahman looks at how Native children and youth develop their identities in Tommy Orange\u27s There There