Use of Wireless Sensor and Microcontroller to Develop Water-level Monitoring System

This paper presents the design and development process of Wireless Data Acquisition System (WiDAS) which is a multi-sensor system for water level monitoring. It also consists of a microcontroller (ATMega8L), a data display device and an ultrasonic distance sensor (Parallax Ping). This wireless based acquisition system can communicate through RF module (Tx-Rx) from the measurement sources, such as sensors and devices as digital or analog values over a period of time. The developed system has the option to store the data in the computer memory. It was tested in real time and showed continuous and correct data. The developed system is consisting of a number of features, such as low energy consumption, easy to operate and well-built invulnerability, which cangive successful results to measure the water level. Finally, its flexibility facilitates an extensive application span for self-directed data collection with trustworthy transmission in few sparse points over huge areas

Fuzzy Logic Controller Design for Intelligent Drilling System

An intelligent drilling system can be commercially very profitable in terms of reduction in crude material and labor involvement. The use of fuzzy logic based controller in the intelligent cutting and drilling operations has become a popular practice in the ever growing manufacturing industry. In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller has been designed to select the cutting parameter more precisely for the drilling operation. Specifically, different input criterion of machining parameters are considered such as the tool and material hardness, the diameter of drilling hole and the flow rate of cutting fluid. Unlikethe existing fuzzy logic based methods, which use only two input parameters, the proposed system utilizes more input parameters to provide spindle speed and feed rate information more precisely for the intelligent drilling operation

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Analysis EDFA Gain in OCDMA System for Fiber-to-the-Home Network

In this paper, the optimum EDFA gain is analyzed for an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) at different bit rates for 30 km transmission distance. The Enhance Double Weight (EDW) code is used as a signature address of the system because this code can accommodate more number of simultaneous users under considerable standard Bit-Error-Rate (e.g. ≤ 10E-9). In addition, this system receiver is designed using NAND subtraction technique to produce better signal and increase the bit-error-rate (BER) performance and maintain error floor transmission rate (10E-9). The extensive theoretical and simulation has been taken into the account to carry out analysis. We ascertained from our analysis results that the proposed detention technique significantly improves the signal quality and require low optimum gain of the system. Therefore, this system is considered as a promising solution for Fiber-to-the-Home access network

Gender Effects in Surface Electromyographic Activity of the Biceps Brachii Muscle during Prolonged Isometric Contraction

The muscle activity, electromyographic (EMG) signal steadiness and relationships between the EMG signal and endurance time among males and females have long been investigated and continue to be a subject of controversy. The aim of this study was to explore the electromyographic effects on the biceps brachii (BB) muscle of male and female subjects during prolonged isometric contraction (for 90 s). Twenty right-handed (10 male and 10 female) subjects participated in this study. The EMG analysis was accomplished in the time domain by calculating the amplitude content of the signals as the root mean square (EMG-RMS). The statistical analysis included linear regression to examine the relationships between the EMG amplitude (%MVC) and the endurance time, repeated-measures ANOVA to assess differences among the variables, and calculation of the coefficient of variation (CoV) to assess the steadiness of the signal. The results revealed that the linear slope coefficient of the EMG as a function of time (r2 = 0.56, p 0.05). Additionally, the EMG signal activity generated by the male BB muscle (10.25%) exhibits less variability than that generated by the female BB muscle (12.11%). The experimental results indicate the suitability of developing an EMG prosthetic hand controller and the use of EMG analysis in the fields of neuromuscular system research, rehabilitation engineering and movement biomechanics, which may help separate male and female subjects

Automatic Car Parking and Controlling System Using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

Well-organized vehicle parking can assist drivers gratifying by protecting car energy as well as time consuming. In this paper, the automation process of an automatic car parking system is designed using a fully functional ladder logic based LOGO!12/24 RC, which is a small programmable logic controller (PLC). Infrared sensor (IR) electronic sensors were installed at the entrance and departure gates to sense the car those are waiting for either entry or exit. After that it gives the input signals to PLC to count the number of vehicles entering and leaving the park respectively. The developed system automatically can monitor and restrict the vehicles inside the parking space. The number of cars available in the park will be the difference of the number of vehicles entering and the number of vehicles leaving. When a car approaches to the entry gate, PLC will decide whether any space is available or not. If no space is available, the PLC will then send signal to entry gate to keep the gate closed and turn on the indication “Car Park Full”. If there is space in the park, the entry gate will open to allow the car to enter the park. Similarly, at the time of exit, the PLC will send signal to the exit gate to open and allow the car to leave the park after paid the parking payment. All these activities make the car parking system completely automatic. The development of this system is cost effective and useful to make solutions to car parking space problems in city areas

Development of Fuzzy Inference System for Automatic Tea Making

In this paper, a fuzzy inference system has been developed for automatic tea making process. The system takes five inputs and gives two output which determines the grade of black tea and milk tea. Specifically, the proposed system considers five important characteristics of hot tea beverage such as water temperature, sugar, milk, brewing time and tea leaves quantity for grading the standard of the drink according to the consumer’s requirement. Both black tea and milk tea can be rated with a grade based on the human expert judgment which is according to the taste and aroma of the tea. This automatic tea making system can let the users choose their preferred type of tea without figuring out the complicated process to making a cup of hot tea beverage