Kesan Pengubahsuaian Kimia Gentian Tandan Kelapa Sawit Kosong (Efb) Terhadap Sifat-Sifat Bio-Komposit Efb-Poliester Tak Tepu Yang Termatang Melalui Sinaran Ultra Ungu [SB299.P3 R894 2005 f rb] [Microfiche 7726].

Pembangunan biokomposit yang dimatangkan menggunakan sinaran ultra ungu dilaporkan dalam kajian ini. The development of bio-composites cured by ultra violet radiation is reported in this research

Kesan Pengubahsuaian Kimia Gentian Tandan Kelapa Sawit Kosong (Efb) Terhadap Sifat-Sifat Bio-Komposit Efb-Poliester Tak Tepu Yang Termatang Melalui Sinaran Ultra Ungu

The development of bio-composites cured by ultra violet radiation is reported in this research. Penggunaan gentian semulajadi sebagai pengukuh dalam komposit polimer semakin mendapat perhatian dan telah digunakan untuk aplikasi teknikal dalam industri automotif dan pembungkusan

Utilizing Photocatalysts in Reducing Moisture Absorption in Composites of Natural Fibers

Due to growing environmental consciousness and the depletion of oil supplies, numerous efforts have been made to replace synthetic fibers in fiber-reinforced composites with natural fibers (NFr). The low cost and abundance of NFr and its biodegradability and low density have encouraged researchers worldwide to study their potential applications in several industrial sectors. However, NFr has several disadvantages: excessive moisture absorption and subsequent swelling and degradation, low chemical and fire resistance, and insufficient interfacial interactions with polymers. Consequently, there is great interest in modifying the surface of NFr using a variety of methods. This chapter presents an overview of the NFr, its characterization, the problems associated with adding NFr to polymer composites. This literature survey suggests an in-depth review of photocatalysis by utilizing photocatalysts nanoparticle (PHNPs) aimed at increasing the hydrophobicity and interfacial bonding between the NFr and the matrix Using a photo-induced oxidation mechanism to disassemble water molecules, pollutants, and bacteria in a wet environment. Additionally, we reviewed the effects of these PHNPs on the moisture absorption, mechanical characteristics, and dimensional stability of NFr composites. As a result, this review article may make a valuable contribution to researchers interested in coating and treating NFr to further enhance their surface characteristics

A review on graft compatibilizer for thermoplastic elastomer blend

A biodegradable thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blend is developed by blending poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and natural rubber (NR) or epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and it is a sustainable substitution in recent years for synthetic polymers. PLA is high in mechanical strength and compostable, but it is highly stiff and brittle. The incorporation of NR or ENR to PLA increases the impact strength and toughness of PLA. However, the disparity in polarity between PLA and elastomer phase like NR and ENR results in TPE blend being incompatible. Hence, compatibilization is essential to improve its polarity and develop interactions. Compatibilizer that composed of two different polymer is known is graft compatibilizer with the aid of grafting agent. The graft compatibilizers are divided into two categories. The first type is made up of one polymer and grafting agent and, the other one is composed of two polymer groups and grafting agent. These two types of graft compatibilizer can be prepared via two different method such as direct melt blending and solution. Apart from this, the TPE blend is produced via the melt blending technique with mixing machines such as internal mixer and extruder. This article has reviewed the preparation of the graft compatibilizer and blending technique of TPE. Based on the findings, the graft compatibilizers has a significant role in improving miscibility and compatibility across blend composed of different phase

A review on the potential of polylactic acid based thermoplastic elastomer as filament material for fused deposition modelling

Currently, a range of sectors are implementing three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is a part of additive manufacturing (AM) technology via the fused deposition modelling (FDM) approach. As of now, various filament materials are available in the market and have their limitations. Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blend as a filament material in 3D printing should be implemented to overcome the weakness of available filaments. TPE blend stands out due to its flexibility, thermoplastic-like processability, and renewability. Based on the findings, TPE blend filament can be made with polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic and elastomers such as natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). The TPE printed components will be flexible; tough with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. In this paper, the characteristics of TPE are being reviewed to show the potential of TPE material as filament

Preparation and Characterization of Active SiO2 from Cymbopogon citratus Ash Calcined at Different Temperature

Cymbopogon citratus or lemon grass, is a potential renewable herbaceous biomass alternative. Lemon grass contains silica, which is available for extraction as a filler for various applications. Lemon grass ash is produced at calcination temperatures of 0, 400, 525, 600, and 700 ˚C. The silica content of the lemon grass ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microcopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The shape and texture of the lemon grass ash were studied by SEM. The highest silica content recorded was 24.00% for lemon grass calcined at 400 °C. The porosity of the lemon grass ash increased as the calcination temperature increased from 0 °C to 700 °C. XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity of silica in the lemon grass ash increased with increasing calcination temperature. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of organic structure in lemon grass without calcination and the inorganic structure of siloxane and silanol bonds present in lemon grass calcined at different temperatures

A Simple Method for the Production of Pure Crystalline Silica from Lemon Grass

Lemon grass is an inexpensive raw material that can be used to produce natural silica. A method using hydrochloric acid (HCl) leaching followed by thermal combustion at 600 °C was developed to produce purified silica from lemon grass. Acid leaching temperatures of 33, 50, 80, and 110 °C were used. The silica content of the lemon grass ash was characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The shape and texture of the lemon grass ash were studied using SEM. The highest silica content (98.59%) was produced by lemon grass that had been treated at the highest leaching temperature (110 °C). Other elements that were found in the lemon grass ash were magnesium, calcium, potassium, and chlorine. XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity of the silica in treated lemon grass ash increased with increasing leaching temperature. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of siloxane and silanol bonds in lemon grass that was calcined at different leaching temperatures

Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Rice Husk (RH)

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was extracted from local agricultural residues, rice husk (RH). RH undergone alkaline, bleaching and acid hydrolysis treatments. Nitric acid was used in the hydrolysis process as a potential acid to replace strong acids such as hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. Hydrolysis of RH was carried out by using different molarity of nitric and hydrochloric acids (control). The properties of MCC obtained such as % yield, crystallinity index (CrI) and functional group present were studied. % yield shown a comparable result regardless of different acid used. Whilst Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the progressive removal of non-cellulosic constituents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystallinity increased with successive treatments regardless different molarity and acids used. The results showed potential of nitric acid to be used in MCC isolation process

Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Rice Husk (RH)

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was extracted from local agricultural residues, rice husk (RH). RH undergone alkaline, bleaching and acid hydrolysis treatments. Nitric acid was used in the hydrolysis process as a potential acid to replace strong acids such as hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. Hydrolysis of RH was carried out by using different molarity of nitric and hydrochloric acids (control). The properties of MCC obtained such as % yield, crystallinity index (CrI) and functional group present were studied. % yield shown a comparable result regardless of different acid used. Whilst Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the progressive removal of non-cellulosic constituents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystallinity increased with successive treatments regardless different molarity and acids used. The results showed potential of nitric acid to be used in MCC isolation process

Sensitivity of Chitosan Film Based Electrode Modified with Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) for Formaldehyte Detection Using Cyclic Voltammetry

This paper reports the ability of chitosan-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified electrode as a sensitive layer of working electrode in detecting formaldehyde. The electrode substrate is in the form of copper-SPE which has been shaped into 5 mm of sensitive area. On top of the working electrode, a number of chitosan and chitosan-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) matrices were placed in the form of a thin film layer that works as a working electrode. Characterization of chitosan and chitosan-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin films was done using SEM, TEM, AFM and FTIR. The test for electrochemical sensing ability of working electrode was observed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), whereas chitosan and chitosan-rGO films were deposited onto the surface of working electrodes. The novelty of this research is the utilization of chitosan-rGO thin film based working electrode for detecting formaldehyde. The testing results showed sensitivity and response of working electrode increased when chitosan-reduced graphene oxide modified electrode was used for formaldehyde detection compared to chitosan film based working electrode. It was proven from the sensitivity value of chitosan-rGO based working electrode at the lowest value of 4.6 × 10−4 µA/µM and linear range at 1–12 × 10−4 µM/L, as well as the ability of chitosan-rGO based working electrode which worked at limit of detection (LoD) 0.36 µM/L and limit of quantification (LoQ) 1.21 µM/L