The distribution of public services from the perspective of spatial equality

One of the most prominent consequences of rapid urbanization has recently been the disintegrated distribution of municipal services which predisposes inequality in citizens' benefiting from these services. Therefore, the city planners and managers' main goal must be to achieve the ideal of 'equality of opportunities' to help different groups of urban population have access to public services and eliminate conflicts in the provision of opportunities. In the present descriptive-analytical study, after specifying the indicators, ten regions of Tabriz are ranked in terms of the distribution of municipal services using three different methods (per capita land use, accessibility and residents' idea) and action priorities are presented for each region. The results of this study show that Tabriz has an inappropriate spatial distribution of public services and the population is incompatible with the distribution of services. Region 8 is in a good condition compared to the other while region 7 and 9 has a poor distribution of public services

Profesionalna izloženost BTEX-u i stirenu u zemljama (jugo)zapadne Azije – kratak pregled trenutačnog stanja i graničnih vrijednosti

The aim of introducing occupational exposure limits (OELs) is to use them as a risk management tool in order to protect workers’ health and well-being against harmful agents at the workplace. In this review we identify OELs for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), and styrene concentrations in air and assess occupational exposure to these compounds through a systematic literature search of publications published in West Asian countries from 1980 to 2021. OELs for BTEX and styrene have been set in Iran and Turkey to levels similar to those in European countries and the US. The search yielded 49 full-text articles that cover studies of exposure assessment in six countries, but most (n=40) regard Iran. Average occupational exposure to benzene of workers in oil-related industries is higher than recommended OEL, while average occupational exposure to other compounds is lower than local OELs (where they exist). Currently, information about levels of occupational exposure to BTEX and styrene is insufficient in West Asian countries, which should be remedied through OEL regulation and application. Furthermore, coherent research is also needed to determine actual levels of occupational exposure, doseresponses, and the economic and technical capacity of local industries to address current issues.Svrha je uvođenja graničnih vrijednosti profesionalne izloženosti (engl. occupational exposure limits, krat. OELs) upravljanje rizikom ne bi li se zaštitilo zdravlje i dobrobit radnika od štetnih agensa kojima su izloženi na radnome mjestu. U ovom smo pregledu izdvojili granične koncentracije benzena, toluena, etilbenzena, ksilena (BTEX) i stirena u zraku i, analizirajući 49 članaka objavljenih u zemljama (jugo) zapadne Azije od 1980. do 2021., pronađenih sustavnom pretragom literature, ocijenili profesionalnu izloženost tim spojevima. Granične vrijednosti za BTEX i stiren uvedene su samo u Iranu i Turskoj, i na sličnim su razinama kao one koje vrijede u europskim zemljama I SAD-u. Analiziranih 49 članaka obuhvaćaju istraživanja izloženosti u šest zemalja, ali se većina (njih 40) odnosi na Iran. Prosječna profesionalna izloženost benzenu u radnika u industrijama povezanima s naftom viša je od preporučene granične vrijednosti, a profesionalna izloženost ostalim spojevima niža je od lokalnih graničnih vrijednosti (tamo gdje su uvedene). Trenutačno nema dovoljno podataka o razinama profesionalne izloženosti BTEX-u i stirenu u zemljama (jugo)zapadne Azije, stoga je u njima potrebno regulirati granične vrijednosti i primjenjivati ih. Osim toga, potrebno je provoditi sustavna istraživanja ne bi li se utvrdile stvarne razine profesionalne izloženosti, odgovori na koncentracije onečišćivala i gospodarske i tehničke mogućnosti industrija tih zemalja da riješe trenutačne probleme

Impact of Filter on the Estimation of Quantitative Mixture Risk Caused by Some Chemical Constituents Generated from Popular Cigarette Brands in Iran

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of filter on the eventual carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks caused by the main toxic constituents of popular cigarette brands in Iran.Methods: At this laboratory study, the concentration of benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic, and cadmium in themainstream smoke of 11 popular cigarette brands in Iran, on the without and with-filter modes wasdetermined based on an established method. The hazard quotient (HQ), incremental lifetime cancer risk(ILCR), and mixture quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) were performed based on the QRA methodrecommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).Findings: The mean of HQ due to benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic, and cadmium in without-filter cigarettesmoke was from 3.96 to 3505. The findings indicated that the HQs related to benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic,and cadmium in cigarette smoke were decreased with filter by 48.3%, 25.3%, 37.6%, and 49.1%, respectively.The filter of cigarette decreased ILCR of benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic, and cadmium in cigarette smoke by53.02%, 25.31%, 37.70%, and 61.01%, respectively. The mixture of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenicestimated risks due to inhalation of studied cigarettes smoke was very high and unacceptable.Conclusion: The cigarette filter plays an essential role in reducing inhalation exposure to hazardouscompounds in mainstream cigarette smoke; nevertheless, the average of overall mixture HQs and ILCRsestimated caused by studied compounds was higher than the acceptable value. It is recommended that futureempirical studies investigate the impact of the type of fiber used in cigarette filter on reducing carcinogenicand non-carcinogenic risks caused by cigarette smoke

The effect of education on industrial development : Evidence from Iranian small industries

The literature show evidence that small manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) are understood as main source of technology development and employment creation. At the same time they are vulnerable to a number of restrictions such as access to finances, skilled labor and public support, while are exposed to high competition and suffer from low survival rate. This research aims to shed lights on the role that education play in the process of industrial and economic development of Iranian provinces. This research is conducted in a number of ways. First, a comprehensive literature review is conducted to gain experience from the national and international literature to identify the state-of-art research and important theories, methods and empirical results to shape the structure of this research and identify key data requirements. Second, the status of industrial infrastructure and distribution of firms by important characteristic of education is investigated. Comparison is made at the aggregate national level. Third, based on the literature findings and analysis of the industry structure, assemble a data set at the province level that is representative with good coverage of the industry sector. Also a composite Development Infrastructure Index for provinces with available ranks in mentioned component is calculated. Based on the findings, appropriate policy recommendations to improve the conditions of SMEs infrastructure and performance will purposed

harm reduction policy from perspective of jurisprudence principles

Public protection has become a key theme of much recent criminal justice legislation and policy aimed at the effective management of high-risk offenders. Harm reduction policy during more than three decades in the world to reduce the risk of abnormal behavior. Harm reduction is a health-centered approach that seeks to reduce the health and social harms associated with drug use, without necessarily requiring that users abstain. Harm reduction is a non-judgmental response that meets users “where they are” with regard to their substance use rather than imposing a moralistic judgment on their behaviors. As such, the approach includes a broad continuum of responses, from those that promote safer substance use, to those that promote abstinence. This article by descriptive-analytical method, the first describe implementation of harm reduction policy according to successful policies ofPortugal and Canada.The secondthis research comparisonharm reduction policy between Iran and those two government. Thispaperproposes"bill ofdecriminalizing fromdrug lawandtreatment ofdrug abuse," andits amended should be put on the agenda. Firstly, policy-makers should decriminalization touseofsomelow-riskdrugs because relevant authorities canwithaction freedomto implementharm reductionpolicy, and secondly, the behavior ofalldrug users should be diversion toaccess todrug user. Thirdly,age of drug users descend thuspolicy-makers should be consideryouthinharm reduction programs

Effects of Diethanolamine (DEA) and Glass Fibre Reinforced polymer (GFRP) on setting time and mechanical properties of shotcrete

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd By now, various accelerators have been used to accelerate the chemical reactions between cement and water to achieve a desired strength. This study investigates the effects of diethanolamine (DEA) as a less corrosive accelerator on the setting time and mechanical properties of fibre reinforced shotcrete (FRS). Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) was also used to improve the flexural and tensile strengths of shotcrete. In total, 76 different mix designs were prepared and tested to determine the setting time, flexural and tensile strength of shotcrete. The mixes were designed based on three influential parameters including GFRP, water/cement (w/c) ratio and the amount of DEA. According to the results, the flexural and tensile strengths of all specimens increased by adding 0.5% of the weight of GFRP. However, both tensile and flexural strengths showed an insignificant reduction by adding DEA to the mixes. The tensile and flexural strengths of specimens decreased slightly by adding DEA in the presence of GFRP. At a certain amount of DEA, the setting time increased twice with increasing the w/c ratio. The results showed a reduction in the shotcrete strength by using DEA. Thus, in the case where both the setting time and shotcrete strength are of great importance, the optimal DEA level is close to 0.3% of the dry weight of cement and 0.5% GFRP