Gambaran Efisiensi Emisi Metana Terhadap Produksi Susu Sapi Perah di Kabupaten Semarang

ABSTRAK Peningkatan populasi sapi perah merupakan upaya untuk meningkatkan produksi susu, namun di sisi lain peningkatan populasi meningkatkan emisi metana. Pelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi bagaimana gambaran efisiensi emisi metana terhadap produksi susu sapi perah di Kabupaten Semarang berdasarkan data populasi dan produksi susu. Emisi metana dihitung menggunakan metode tier 1. Data populasi sapi perah laktasi dan data produksi susu tahun 2015-2020 digunakan untuk menghitung efisiensi emisi metana terhadap produksi. Populasi sapi perah induk laktasi dari tahun 2015-2017 mengalami penurunan sebanyak 452 ekor (4,8%) dibandingkan tahun 2015. Namun, pada tahun 2018-2019 meningkat sebanyak 872 (9,8%) dibandingkan tahun 2017. Emisi metana dari fermentasi enterik dan pengelolaan kotoran ternak tahun mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2015-2017 namun, kembali meningkat pada tahun 2018-2020. Emisi metana tertinggi pada tahun 2019 dan tahun 2020 sedangkan yang terendah pada tahun 2017. Rata-rata emisi metana fermentasi enterik tahun 2015-2020 yaitu 9,9 CO2-e Gg/tahun sedangkan rata-rata emisi metana pengelolaan kotoran ternak 5,0 CO2-e Gg/tahun. Efisiensi emisi terhadap produksi dari tahun 2015-2020 rata-rata 5,6-7. Efisiensi emisi terhadap produksi paling baik yaitu pada tahun 2017 yaitu sebesar 5,4-7, sedangkan yang paling buruk yaitu pada tahun 2016 yaitu sebesar 5,8-7. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa, peningkatan populasi perlu diikuti dengan peningkaan produksi susu supaya emisi yang dihasilkan semakin sedikit untuk memproduksi susu per satuan unitnya. Tahun 2017 merupakan gambaran efisiensi produksi per emisi yang paling baik di Kabupaten Semarang yaitu terjadi peningkatan efisiensi sebesar 6,9%. Kata kunci: efisiensi, emisi metana, produksi susu, sapi perah.The Overview of Methane Emission Efficiency on Dairy Cow Milk Production in Semarang RegencyABSTRACT The increase in the population of dairy cows is in an effort to increase milk production, but on the other hand, the increase in population increases methane emissions. This study aims to evaluate the overview of the efficiency of methane emissions on milk production of dairy cows in Semarang Regency based on population and milk production data. Methane emissions were calculated using the Tier 1 method. Data on the population of lactating dairy cows and data on milk production for 2015-2020 were used to calculate the efficiency of methane emissions on production. The population of lactating dairy cows from 2015-2017 decreased by 452 heads (4.8%) compared to 2015. However, in 2018-2019 it increased by 872 (9.8%) compared to 2017. Methane emissions from enteric fermentation and management of manure decreased in 2015-2017 but increased again in 2018-2020. The highest methane emission was in 2019 and 2020 while the lowest was in 2017. The average enteric fermentation methane emission in 2015-2020 was 9.9 CO2-e Gg/year while the average methane emission from manure management was 5.0 CO2-e Gg/year. The efficiency of emissions to production from 2015-2020 on average 5.6-7. The best emission efficiency towards production is in 2017 which is 5.4-7, while the worst is in 2016 which is 5.8-7. It can be concluded that an increase in population needs to be followed by an increase in milk production so that fewer emissions are produced to produce milk per unit. The year 2017 is the best overview of production efficiency per emission in Semarang Regency, which is an increase in efficiency of 6.9%.Keywords: efficiency, methane emissions, milk production, dairy cow

Application of Safe Sex Behaviour in Female Sex Worker and Sexual Transmitted Infection

The incidence of STIs in the form of inflammation or ulceration will increase the risk of entering HIV infection when having unprotected sex between someone who has been infected with an STI (Sexually Transmitted Infections) and their partner. Preventing and treating STIs and HIV can reduce the risk of sexual transmission, especially in at-risk populations such as sex workers and their customers. The research method used was descriptive analytic with a crossectional approach and the sampling technique was purposive sampling. Data about safe sex behavior was obtained using questionnaires and interviews, while STI examination was carried out by physical examination and laboratory examination. The laboratory tests performed were vaginal swabs (gram staining and gymsa) and serological examinations (rapid tests). Results of a study on 36 female sex workers, 61.1% of female sex workers did not apply safe sex so that the results of 11.1% STI examination were diagnosed with condyloma, 88.8% received positive results in gram stain and exercise tests, 16.6% were diagnosed with syphilis and 27.8% received reactive results on HIV testing. The application of safe sex to risk groups greatly influences the occurrence of STIs and increases the risk of transmission of STIs because it needs promotive and preventive efforts by health workers to prevent the spread of STIs more widely

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the fatty acid synthase, LOC514211, and fat mass and obesity-associated genes with milk traits in Indonesian-Holstein dairy cattle

Aim: The study aimed to identify fatty acid synthase (FASN), LOC514211, and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene polymorphisms and to investigate their associations with milk traits in an Indonesian-Holstein dairy cow population. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 Indonesian-Holstein cows consisting of 50 heads (0th generation; G0) and 50 heads of their daughters (1st generation; G1) were used. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed to genotype three single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs41919985 in the FASN gene, rs42688595 in the LOC514211 gene, and g.1371T>A in the FTO gene. Results: FASN rs41919985 was associated with milk protein percentage (pA was associated with milk fat percentage (p0.05). Heterozygote variants showed a higher protein percentage for FASN and the highest fat percentage for FTO. These associations were consistent in the G0 and G1 populations. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the milk protein and fat percentages can be improved by increasing the frequency of the AG genotype of FASN and the AT genotype of FTO, respectively