In vivo Evaluation of Botanicals and Bio-Agents against Web Blight (Rhizoctonia solani) of Mungbean (Vigna radiata)

Web blight, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, poses a significant threat to mungbean (Vigna radiata) production, leading to yield losses and economic repercussions. This study investigates the antifungal of botanical extracts and bio-agents in managing web blight in mungbean crops. A series of controlled experiments were conducted to assess the antifungal properties of selected botanicals and the biocontrol potential of specific microbial agents. Various extracts, including botanicals and bio-agents have been found effective for management of web blight of mungbean caused by R. solani. The present investigation was carried out on disease management through use of botanicals and bio-agents. The minimum disease incidence and maximum disease control was obtained in Garlic followed by Ginger, Neem, Onion, Tulsi, Clerodendron, Sadabahar, at 10% concentrations at 50 days after sowing in pot sown crop, Each treatments differed significantly from each other

Interferons as a Potential Therapeutic Drug for COVID-19: A Literature Review of Mechanisms, Current Clinical Trials, and Challenges

The 2019 COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in many fatalities worldwide. Despite various types of supportive care, mortality rates for patients with comorbidities remain high. To explore alternative treatment options, interferons (IFNs) have emerged as promising therapeutic drugs for SARS-CoV-2. This review aims to investigate the potential of IFNs as a drug with details on their mechanisms of action, and available data on their use with ongoing clinical trials, results, potential limitations, and challenges.  Recently published research articles, which are systematically searched through online databases, have been selected and found that IFNs have colossal potential in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection by modulating the host’s immune response and inhibiting viral replication and decreasing the severity of disease and hospitalization (p = 0.03, ± 0.05) and (p = 0.04, ± 0.05) respectively. However, due to less available data, more controlled and randomized trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of IFN therapy.  The optimal dosing and duration of IFN therapy also remain to be determined. Although further research is needed the wait for ongoing clinical trial results under investigation is also important for a better understanding of IFN therapy

Pyrolysis and combustion behavior of few high-ash Indian coals

In this study, three high-ash Indian sub-bituminous coals of different thermal maturities from three different open cast mines of Raniganj basin, eastern India, were studied to understand their combustion and pyrolysis behavior. The combustion analyses were performed under three different heating rates (5°C, 10°C, and 15°C/min). From the thermograms of TG-DTG pyrolysis curves, it was observed that the overall pyrolysis reaction can be deduced into four different temperature regions with each region showing unique properties, and those regions are inherent moisture loss, prior to primary pyrolysis, primary pyrolysis, and secondary pyrolysis regions. The main pyrolysis reaction occurs in the primary pyrolysis region for all the samples but a significant devolatilization has also been seen for the early oil window mature noncoking coal in the secondary pyrolysis region. The kinetic parameters were also evaluated for both combustion and pyrolysis analysis. X-ray diffraction revealed that this sample consists of a significant amount of siderite and pyrite, and consequently showed distinct behavior. It was observed that the pyrolysis properties and kinetics were closely related to their complex mechanisms and reactions. Rock-Eval pyrolysis also confirmed the presence of siderite in the sample, which decomposed simultaneously with the organic-matter during pyrolysis

A Comprehensive Review on Cucurbits Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV) and their Management

Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV) represents a significant threat to global agriculture, particularly impacting the cultivation of cucurbit crops such as melons, squashes, and cucumbers. This comprehensive review explores the various dimensions of CYSDV, including its taxonomy, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, management, ongoing research, and the broader social and economic implications. Beginning with an examination of CYSDV's classification and morphology, the review delineates the geographical distribution of the virus, its host range, transmission vectors, and environmental factors influencing its spread. It also outlines the mechanisms of infection, stages of disease development, symptoms in various cucurbit species, and the economic impact of the disease. The discussion extends to both traditional and molecular diagnostic techniques and the associated challenges. Different strategies for managing and controlling CYSDV are highlighted, including cultural practices, chemical methods, biological control, and integrated pest management approaches. The review emphasizes ongoing research initiatives and future perspectives in CYSDV research, considering technological innovations and potential limitations. The final sections focus on the broader social and economic context, exploring the impact of CYSDV on small and large-scale farming, international trade considerations, community engagement, and government initiatives. Through an integrated analysis, this review provides valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of CYSDV, its influence on agriculture, and the wider societal dynamics. The conclusion underscores the necessity of a coordinated, comprehensive approach that leverages scientific research, international collaboration, community involvement, and governmental support to address the challenges posed by CYSDV. Understanding the complexities of this virus is essential for developing effective strategies to ensure food security and economic stability in regions affected by this detrimental plant disease