Circadian variation of brain proteins: Importance in experiments

Circadian (from the Latin word circa, meaning \u27about\u27, and dies, meaning \u27day\u27) rhythms are the rhythms occurring within a period of 24 hours and are endogenously driven in biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes [1]. Circadian rhythms are also entrained by the external environmental cues called zeitgebers, the primary one of which is day light [2]. Circadian rhythms have been widely observed in plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria [3]. The study of the biological processes that vary during different time of the day, is called chronobiology. A number of studies on mammalian species have confirmed that the circadian pacemaker resides in the supra-chiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that is a part of hypothalamus in the brain [4]. The SCN receives signals from the environment and provides the principal timing cues for synchronizing the daily oscillations of different proteins in brain tissues [5]. So, different physiological activities and behaviors of human and animals vary during 24 hours

Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Intention and Desire for Venture Creation: An Empirical Study of Entrepreneurs and Non Entrepreneur Graduates

Study Objectives: The scope of entrepreneurship education is increasing round the globe but in Pakistan, entrepreneurship education is being neglected because of unawareness of its paybacks. Realizing the significance of entrepreneurship education, this research aims at investigating the scope of entrepreneurial education in developing and designing creative ideas and implementing them innovatively. This research focuses on the impact of entrepreneurship education on intention and desire for venture creation among university students of Pakistan. The study describes the main effects found in the literature by explaining that how this education can contribute to develop, design new ideas and finally to implement them.Research Design/Methodology: This study uses positivism paradigm. A survey was conducted from 160 respondents from private and public sector educational institutes by using close ended questionnaires. For explanation, this study used a five point Likert scale questionnaire. The students, who have taken entrepreneurship education and who have not, were the respondent’s category to explain the results. Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to analyze the results. Results and analyses were derived by independent sample t-tests with the help of SPSS software to measure the significance and difference of two groups. Research Limitations: This study is focused only on the students studying in Lahore and Faisalabad with the sample size of 160 participants. The sample size is narrow which can hinder the generalization of results of study. The financial implication of new venture creation is missing which may change the effect of the study. Further studies can accommodate these limitations for more effective results.  Practical Implications: The study proposes that education has strong impact on venture creation. The candidates, who hold an entrepreneurship degree, grow exponentially by exploiting opportunity, situation and ability (O-S-A). Knowledge of venture creation and confidence to venture has more impact on the establishment and growth of the venture.Originality/Value: Literature recognizes that entrepreneurship education and research on its importance is minute. So, this study will suggest avant-garde techniques for graduates to start new ventures. The results of this study will help graduates to make the economy stronger and independent by adopting new businesses. This study will open gate for new researchers to invent more creative techniques.   Keywords: Entrepreneurship Education, Venture Creation, Overseas, Team Building, Trust, Intention and Desire

Personality traits and mental health Of university male students Viewing internet Pornography

Studies have indicated that viewing internet pornography is like addiction and has been implicated in the development of psychosocial issues leading to mental health. However, in view of Pakistani culture, psychosocial issues and mental health problems associated with viewing internet pornography especially in perspective to personality traits are not studied yet. Objective: Objective of the current study was to investigate any effect of personality traits on mental health of university male students viewing internet pornography

Effect of minor surgery under propofol anaesthesia on brain BDNF and cognition

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a brain protein implicated in learning, memory and other cognitive functions. Changes in cellular brain functions as well as cognitive defects have been observed the days following anaesthesia, even for short-duration anaesthesia with/without surgery. Despites the role of neurotrophic factors in cognition, no data are still available on brain effects after anaesthesia. Purpose: To study the effect of minor surgery under short duration anaesthesia on cognition by investigating BDNF levels in plasma, hippocampus and cortex. METHODS: Male rats received an intra-peritoneal injection of either 120 mg/kg of propofol or intralipids solution or minor surgery was performed under propofol anaesthesia. The animals were euthanized at ZT5 (peak of the circadian profile of brain BDNF in rat) after 3 days and brain homogenates of prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus were prepared and blood was also collected for plasma. The amount of BDNF was assessed using ELISA (Millipore) on supernatant

Humanism and mental health of married female Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Autoimmune diseases exert adverse impact on the psychological, social and physical well-being of the individuals who suffer from such diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus is one of chronic illnesses that disturb the all areas of life especially psychosocial perspective of life. In such conditions, belief and view of patients about their own self is necessary to prognosis of their health. Studies suggest that humanism is one of those protective factors that can lead risky health towards better life

Association between lichen planus and dyslipidemia: an experience from North India

Association between lichen planus (LP) and dyslipidaemia and other cardiovascular risk factors has been reported in many studies in the past, with variable results between studies. The aim: this study was undertaken to study the association of lichen planus with dyslipidaemia. Methods: this was a prospective hospital-based case control study conducted over a period of three years, on 105 prospective newly diagnosed male patients of lichen planus and equal number of age and sex matched controls. Fasting serum lipid profile including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) were measured, and comparison done between cases and controls. Results: dyslipidaemia was found in 44 (41.9 %) lichen planus patients (cases) as compared to 28 (26.7 %) controls, the difference being statistically significance (p 0.020). Triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol were significantly higher in cases than controls, whereas difference in the values of abdominal circumference and body mass index (BMI), although more in cases than controls was not statistically significant. Similarly, HDL-cholesterol values were less in cases than controls, but without statistical significance. Conclusion: dyslipidaemia was more common in lichen planus (LP) patients, as compared to controls, suggesting that LP patients are at a higher risk of developing derangements of serum lipids and should be routinely and regularly monitored for dyslipidaemia and other cardiovascular risk factors, to detect cardiovascular diseases well in time. The result of present study strengthens the evidence of association between LP and dyslipidaemia

Efecto inmunomodulador de Pimpinella anisum L. (anís) en pollos de engorde contra la Enfermedad de Newcastle y la enfermedad viral de la Bursitis infecciosa)

Pimpinella anisum L. (Anís) se utiliza principalmente como un estimulante inmunológico, promotor del crecimiento, antifúngico, y antibacteriano, en muchos países durante siglos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto inmunomodulador de anís contra la enfermedad de Newcastle (ND) y la enfermedad de la bursitis infecciosa (IBD). El efecto inmunomodulador de anís contra los virus ND y e IBD se determinaron mediante la modificación del ensayo de inhibición de la migración de células del bazo y recuento diferencial de leucocitos de la inmunidad celular. La inhibición de la hemaglutinación y hemaglutinación indirecta se utilizaron para la medición de la respuesta inmune humoral contra el virus de ND e IBD, respectivamente. El presente estudio sugiere que la adición de anís a la dieta basal a la tasa de 0,5 g/kg y 1 g/kg de alimentación tuvo una mejor actividad inmunomoduladora tanto para las respuestas inmunes humorales como celulares. Sin embargo, a dosis más altas de anís tuvo efectos adversos. El anís posee una importante actividad inmunomoduladora cuando se añade en dosis más bajas, es decir, 0,5 g/kg y 1 g/kg

Determination and Extraction of Acetamiprid Residues in Fruits and Vegetables

<p align="center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">  <span style="font-size: medium;">Vegetables (chilies, tomato, cauliflower and cucumber) and fruits (mango and apple) samples were spiked with known quantity (0.50 mg kg-1) of acetamiprid reference standard for testing the retrieval percentage of acetamiprid residue in those vegetables and fruits. The efficiency of different extracting (ethyl acetate and dichloromethane + acetone 8:2) and eluting (ethyl acetate and dichloromethane + acetone 8:2) solvents and adsorbents (activated charcoal and florisil) for clean up purpose was calculated using HPLC. Amongst the extracting solvents ethyl-acetate was observed an effective extracting solvent alone which produced maximum 90-96%  </span><span style="font-size: medium;">recovery for acetamiprid residues while among the eluting solvents a combination of dichloromethane and acetone ( ratio 8:2) produced superior recoveries i.e. 87-95%. Similarly, between the adsorbents used for clean up purpose activated charcoal and florisil in tandem (first from charcoal and then through florisil) yielded recoveries 82-90 % whereas adsorbents used alone in form of activated florisil and charcoal recovered only 70 to 78 % and 71 to 73% acetamiprid residues, respectively in all vegetables and fruits.</span></span></p

Determination and Extraction of Acetamiprid Residues in Fruits and Vegetables

  Vegetables (chilies, tomato, cauliflower and cucumber) and fruits (mango and apple) samples were spiked with known quantity (0.50 mg kg-1) of acetamiprid reference standard for testing the retrieval percentage of acetamiprid residue in those vegetables and fruits. The efficiency of different extracting (ethyl acetate and dichloromethane + acetone 8:2) and eluting (ethyl acetate and dichloromethane + acetone 8:2) solvents and adsorbents (activated charcoal and florisil) for clean up purpose was calculated using HPLC. Amongst the extracting solvents ethyl-acetate was observed an effective extracting solvent alone which produced maximum 90-96%  recovery for acetamiprid residues while among the eluting solvents a combination of dichloromethane and acetone ( ratio 8:2) produced superior recoveries i.e. 87-95%. Similarly, between the adsorbents used for clean up purpose activated charcoal and florisil in tandem (first from charcoal and then through florisil) yielded recoveries 82-90 % whereas adsorbents used alone in form of activated florisil and charcoal recovered only 70 to 78 % and 71 to 73% acetamiprid residues, respectively in all vegetables and fruits