Philosophy and Anthropology: A critical relation

This paper determines the relation between philosophy and anthropology. It further shows the intimate correspondence on the basis of metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, language, culture and environment. This paper examines the evolution of anthropology with respect to history of philosophy which includes; Ancient Greek, Medieval and Modern philosophy. In this write up I assume to show that how philosophers have interpreted the subject matter anthropology. Since anthropology is the study of humans and what this science acquires has been explained and clarified in the science of philosophy, whether it is a metaphysical study of human person, his ethical, aesthetic, rational, environmental, physical and psychological investigations. This paper exhibits the role and dimensions of humans within the scope of time, space, environment, existence and languag

Language and education: A critical approach to Gandhi and Wittgenstein

This paper examines the function of language in the domain of education and it‘s vice versa. As we are aware of the fact that language and education are endemic elements of human development and evolution. According to Gandhi, education is the recognition of mind-body, soul and spirit. It is the attainment of the values through morality and ethics. Gandhi accepts communicative aspect of language where as Wittgenstein accepts analytical and conceptual aspect of language. Wittgenstein realized that education is the constituent of what we know, believe and learn. Gandhi asserts on Mother tongue, primary- secondary languages and national languages whereas Wittgenstein emphasis on the natural languages, meta-languages and ideal languages. In this paper I shall demonstrate the problems of language which becomes hurdles in the process of education. For both Gandhi and Wittgenstein, there are problems not in language but in its ordinary usage, speaking, writing, meaning and communication

Adverse effects of anti-epileptic, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic and anti-arrhythmic drugs on hematological and hepatic parameters

Multiple drug administration increases chances of drug interaction, altering the responses of drugs either increasing or decreasing pharmacological effects, or generating a new pharmacological response. Generally drug interactions should be avoided, due to the possibility of poor or unexpected outcomes. The present study was designed to explore relatively safe combination that can be used in individuals with multiple disorders such as epilepsy, hypertension, arrhythmia and diabetes. The study was conducted in normal rabbits of either sex following administration of drugs for a period of 60 days; various biochemical tests were performed to assess their hepatic and hematological profile. Results of this study suggest that animals of group receiving amiodarone-glibenclamide-captopril-oxcarbazepine combination revealed comparatively more toxic effects than two other combinations.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Adverse effects of anti-epileptic, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic and anti-arrhythmic drugs on hematological and hepatic parameters

Multiple drug administration increases chances of drug interaction, altering the responses of drugs either increasing or decreasing pharmacological effects, or generating a new pharmacological response. Generally drug interactions should be avoided, due to the possibility of poor or unexpected outcomes. The present study was designed to explore relatively safe combination that can be used in individuals with multiple disorders such as epilepsy, hypertension, arrhythmia and diabetes. The study was conducted in normal rabbits of either sex following administration of drugs for a period of 60 days; various biochemical tests were performed to assess their hepatic and hematological profile. Results of this study suggest that animals of group receiving amiodarone-glibenclamide-captopril-oxcarbazepine combination revealed comparatively more toxic effects than two other combinations.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

EVALUATION OF ANXIOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI L

Objective: The anxiolytic activity of the methanol extract of Trachyspermum ammi. L was investigated by hole board and passive avoidance response test.Methods: The study was conducted using hole board and passive avoidance response tests. 21 male albino mice and rats for each hole board test and passive avoidance response test were used respectively. In both the experiments animals were equally divided into three groups; control, given 2% gum tragacanth (10 ml/kg), standard given diazepam (1 mg/kg) and test group given 50 mg/kg extract of Trachyspermum ammi. L. The data were subjected to analysis by taking mean and standard error to the mean using one sample t-test.Results: The extract of Trachyspermum ammi. L revealed a decrease of 17.43 counts/3 minutes in number of head dips (hole board test) as compared to control, which was almost comparable to diazepam. The decrease in compartment change time (passive avoidance response test) of Trachyspermum ammi L treated animals was 107.2 seconds as compared to control. All of the changes were statistically highly significant.Conclusion: The Methanol extract of Trachyspermum Ammi. L showed anxiolytic activity may be due to the presence of thymol in it, which has the mechanism similar to that of benzodiazepines but further studies are needed to reach a final conclusion.Â

Evaluation of antiepileptic activity of the methanol extract of Trachyspermum ammi (L.)

This study aims to investigate the effect of a methanol extract of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) as an antiepileptic agent. Tests were conducted with a single- and multiple-dosing schedule of Trachyspermum ammi (L.), using a strychnine-induced seizure model for epilepsy. Twenty-one animals were divided into three groups; control (vehicle), standard (diazepam) and test (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) extract). Trachyspermum ammi (L.) demonstrated antiepileptic effects, since there was a highly significant delay in the onset of convulsions as compared to the control, whereas the percentage of animals that survived or ignored seizure was also greater compared to the control. However, the duration of convulsions was significantly increased with both Trachyspermum ammi (L.) and diazepam as compared to the control. The methanol extract of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) showed antiepileptic activity, which may be due to the presence of thymol

Availability of Raw Material for Wood Based Cricket Bat Industry in Kashmir Valley, India

Kashmir Himalayas is known for its abundant supply of high quality wood suitable for cricket bat industry. The present study aimed to gather comprehensive data on the availability of raw material for the cricket bat industry in Anantnag and Pulwama districts of Kashmir during the specified time period (2017-2018). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the major problems faced by the industry and to assess quality parameters of cleft and the wood used for making these clefts. Shortage of quality raw material, absence of proper marketing channels and irregular electricity supply were the major factors responsible for production shortfall. The units used wood of Salix alba var. caerulea as main raw material while Populus deltoides wood was also used for low quality bats. For the study, latest available official records of Government of Jammu and Kashmir as well as questionnaire based sample survey data were used. The industry produced 15.10 crore clefts that consumed 17,28,532 ft 3 of wood. Sample survey revealed that in 2016, the selected 62 units procured 5,84,557 ft3 of wood with an average of 9,428.33 ft3 per unit

Over prescription of antibiotics for adult pharyngitis is prevalent in developing countries but can be reduced using McIsaac modification of Centor scores: a cross-sectional study

Background: Although Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) can cause bacterial pharyngitis, the most common etiology is viral; despite this viral etiology, antibiotics are commonly prescribed for this infection in industrialized countries. We investigated the prevalence of GABHS in adult pharyngitis patients from lower socioeconomic settings in Karachi, Pakistan, how often antibiotics are prescribed for pharyngitis and if appropriate agents were used in a developing world setting. Finally, we wanted to see the usefulness of modified McIsaac scores in predicting positive cultures. Methods Adult patients were recruited from three local hospital outpatient dispensaries (OPDs). All patients aged 14–65 years who were suspected of having bacterial pharyngitis had throat swabs taken. Laboratory results for GABHS pharyngitis were then compared with their prescriptions. Appropriateness (using the World Health Organization’s definition) and type of antibiotic prescribed were assessed. Results Of 137 patients, 30 patients each were studied for scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3; 17 patients were studied for score 4. Although 6 (4.4%) patients were GABHS+, for a prevalence of 43.8 per 1000 population, antibiotics were prescribed to 135 patients (98.5%). Of these, only 11.1% received appropriate antibiotics while 88.9% received inappropriate antibiotics. Penicillins were prescribed most (34.1%), especially amoxicillin/clavulanate; followed by macrolides (31.1%), especially the second-generation agents, and fluoroquinolones (14.8%). McIsaac scores were found to be 100% sensitive and 68.7% specific, giving a positive predictive value (PPV) of 12.7% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. Conclusions Antibiotics were prescribed irrationally to adult pharyngitis patients, as most cultures were negative for bacterial infection. McIsaac modification of Centor scores related directly to culture results. We would therefore highly recommend its use to help family physicians make treatment decisions for adult pharyngitis patients.Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty ofNon UBCReviewedFacult

Cholinomimetic and calcium channel blocking activities of Carthamus oxycantha

The crude extract of Carthamus oxycantha (Co.Cr) and its fractions were studied in vitro for their possible spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities. Co.Cr (0.03-10 mg/mL) caused an atropine sensitive spasmogenic effect in guinea-pig ileum. In spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum preparations, Co.Cr caused a dose-dependent (0.03-3.0 mg/mL) spasmogenic effect, followed by relaxation at the next higher doses of 5.0-10.0 mg/mL. In the presence of atropine, the spasmogenic effect was blocked and the relaxant effect was observed at lower doses (0.1-5.0 mg/mL), shifting the inhibitory dose-response curves to the left. Co.Cr also inhibited K(+) (80 mm)-induced contractions in atropinized preparations at similar doses, suggesting calcium channel blockade (CCB) activity. The CCB effect was further confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with Co.Cr produced a dose-dependent shift in the Ca(++) dose-response curves to the right, similar to that caused by verapamil. Activity-directed fractionation revealed that the spasmolytic effect was concentrated in organic fractions in the following order of potency: hexane \u3e ethylacetate \u3e chloroform, while the aqueous fraction exhibited spasmogenic and weak spasmolytic effects. These results indicate that Carthamus oxycantha contains a combination of spasmogenic (cholinergic) and spasmolytic (calcium antagonist) constituents

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activities of the methanolic extract of Acacia modesta leaves

The current study was aimed to evaluate Acacia modesta for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet activities. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in rodents using acetic acid and formalin-induced nociception, hot plate and carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema tests. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the methanolic extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant inhibition (P \u3c 0.01) of the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and suppressed formalin-induced licking response of animals in both phases of the test. In the hot plate assay the plant extract (100 mg/kg) increased pain threshold of mice. Naloxone (5 mg/kg i.p.) partially reversed the analgesic effect of the extract in formalin and hot plate tests. A. modesta (100 and 200 mg/kg i.p.) exhibited sedative effect in barbiturate-induced hypnosis test similar to that produced by diazepam (10 mg/kg i.p.). The plant extract (50–200 mg/kg i.p.) produced marked anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay comparable to diclofenac and produced a dose-dependent (0.5–2.5 mg/mL) inhibitory effect against arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation. These data suggest that A. modesta possesses peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, with analgesic effects partially associated with the opioid system