Baba-veštica

Hexen reiten auf Besen, haben schwarze Katzen und pflegen eine Liason mit dem Bösen. Dieses Bild ist aus der europäischen Kulturgeschichte nicht mehr wegzudenken und wurde nachhaltig von der katholischen Inquisition geprägt. Doch was geschah mit dieser Vorstellung in jenen Teilen Europas, die unter osmanischer Herrschaft standen? Konnte sich die Angst vor schwarzer Magie und Teufelsbuhlschaft auch in Südosteuropa verbreiten? Diesen Fragen geht die vorliegende Dissertation exemplarisch und anhand historischer Entwicklungen in Serbien und den angrenzenden Balkanstaaten nach. Sie untersucht die regionalen Besondereiten der dortigen Hexenvorstellung, die untrennbar mit dem Glauben an Vampire verbunden bleibt. Zugleich wirft sie einen Blick auf den Stellenwert von Ethnomedizin und magischen Praktiken im Postsozialismus, die noch immer tief im Synkretismus der südosteuropäischen Glaubenswelt verankert sind

A universal mechanism generating clusters of differentiated loci during divergence-with-migration

Genome-wide patterns of genetic divergence reveal mechanisms of adaptation under gene flow. Empirical data show that divergence is mostly concentrated in narrow genomic regions. This pattern may arise because differentiated loci protect nearby mutations from gene flow, but recent theory suggests this mechanism is insufficient to explain the emergence of concentrated differentiation during biologically realistic timescales. Critically, earlier theory neglects an inevitable consequence of genetic drift: stochastic loss of local genomic divergence. Here we demonstrate that the rate of stochastic loss of weak local differentiation increases with recombination distance to a strongly diverged locus and, above a critical recombination distance, local loss is faster than local 'gain' of new differentiation. Under high migration and weak selection this critical recombination distance is much smaller than the total recombination distance of the genomic region under selection. Consequently, divergence between populations increases by net gain of new differentiation within the critical recombination distance, resulting in tightly-linked clusters of divergence. The mechanism responsible is the balance between stochastic loss and gain of weak local differentiation, a mechanism acting universally throughout the genome. Our results will help to explain empirical observations and lead to novel predictions regarding changes in genomic architectures during adaptive divergence. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Nove međunarodne preporuke i zahtevi u vezi izlaganja u nemedicinske svrhe

BSS Directive 2013/59 entered into force on the 6 February 2014 requiring the Member States to adopt legislation (laws, regulations and administrative provisions) in order to harmonise their national legislation with requirements of this Directive until 6 February 2018. This Directive explicitly defines „non-medical imaging exposure” as deliberate exposure of individuals for other than medical purposes. Those planned exposure situations, if justified need to be subject to the appropriate regulatory framework for optimization of protection, exemption, notification, authorisation, inspection and law enforcement in order to insure safety in operation. The most challenging part is a justification process of „non-medical imaging exposure“ taking into account that regulatory radiation protection authorities have limited responsibility in decision making process. BSS Directive recommends regular periodical review of justified practices involving deliberate exposure of humans for non-medical imaging purposes taking into account new technologies available, magnitude of radiological exposure during screening and other screening objectives. Dose constrains for different categories of exposures (public exposure, occupational exposure) depending on particular application, should be established and used in the optimisation of protection. In addition, appropriate regulatory control should be established and enforced as well as the stakeholder dialoge and the provision of information responsive to stakeholders concerns.BSS direktiva 2013/59 stupila je na snagu 6. februara 2014. godine. To znači da su države članice u obavezi da usvoje legislativu (zakone, uredbe i upravne odredbe) kako bi uskladile svoje nacionalno zakonodavstvo sa zahtevima ove Direktive do 6. februara 2018. godine. Ova Direktiva jasno definiše „nemediciska izlaganja“ kao namerna izlaganja pojedinaca u svrhe koje nisu medicinske. Ukoliko su ove situacije planiranog izlaganja opravdane potrebno je da budu deo regulatornog okvira tj. da se na njih primenjuju zahtevi za: optimizaciju zaštite, izuzimanje, prijavljivanje, odobrenje delatnosti kao i inspekciju i sprovođenje propisa a u cilju obezbeđivanja sigurnosti tokom rada. Najzahtevniji deo je proces opravdavanja nemediciskih izlaganja imajući u vidu da regulatorna tela za zaštitu od zračenja imaju ograničenu odgovornost u procesu donošenja odluke o opravdanosti delatnosti. Preporuka BSS direktive je da se periodično vrši revizija opravdanih delatnosti koje uključuju namerna izlaganja ljudi u nemedicinske svrhe uzimajući u obzir nove dostupne tehnologije, stepen izlaganja zračenju tokom skrininga i druge ciljeve skrininga. U procesu optimizacije zaštite potrebno je uspostaviti i primenjivati ograničenja doza za različite kategorije izlaganja (izlaganje stanovništva, profesionalno izlaganje) u zavisnosti od pojedinačne primene. Takođe, potrebno je uspostaviti i primenjivati odgovarajuću regulatornu kontrolu kao i sprovoditi dijalog i obezbediti odgovarajuće informacije u vezi sa pitanjima svih zainteresovanih strana.Зборник радова : XXIX симпозијум ДЗЗСЦГ : Сребрно језеро, 27-29. септембар 2017. годин

Justification, Optimization and Reference Levels in Existing Exposure Situations

U radu su razmatrani zahtevi za upravljanje situacijama postojećeg izlaganja a naročito primena principa opravdanosti i optimizacije zaštite, odnosno uvođenje referentnih nivoa za uspostavljanje kontrole nad ovim situacijama. Diskutovane su preporuke iz standarda MAAE i regulative Evropske unije, koje su zasnovane na nalazima Međunarodnog komiteta za zaštitu od zračenja, kao i relevantne odredbe propisa Republike Srbije. Istaknut je značaj donošenja dugoročne Strategije upravljanja situacijama postojećeg izlaganja, sa odgovarajućim akcionim planovima za implementaciju.The requirements for managing situations of existing exposure, and especially the implementation of the principles of justification and optimization of protection, and introduction of reference levels for establishing control over these situations have been discussed in the paper. Reccomendations given by the IAEA standards and EU regulations, which are based on the findings of the International Committee on Radiation Protection were considered as well as certain provisions of the regulations of the Republic of Serbia. The need and importance of adopting a long-term strategy for managing existing exposure situations, with appropriate action plans for implementation, was highlighted.XXXII Simpozijum Društva za zaštitu od zračenja Srbije i Crne Gore, 4-6. oktobar 2023; Budva, Crna GoraProceedings: [https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/11602

Nove međunarodne preporuke i zahtevi u vezi izlaganja u nemedicinske svrhe

BSS Directive 2013/59 entered into force on the 6 February 2014 requiring the Member States to adopt legislation (laws, regulations and administrative provisions) in order to harmonise their national legislation with requirements of this Directive until 6 February 2018. This Directive explicitly defines „non-medical imaging exposure” as deliberate exposure of individuals for other than medical purposes. Those planned exposure situations, if justified need to be subject to the appropriate regulatory framework for optimization of protection, exemption, notification, authorisation, inspection and law enforcement in order to insure safety in operation. The most challenging part is a justification process of „non-medical imaging exposure“ taking into account that regulatory radiation protection authorities have limited responsibility in decision making process. BSS Directive recommends regular periodical review of justified practices involving deliberate exposure of humans for non-medical imaging purposes taking into account new technologies available, magnitude of radiological exposure during screening and other screening objectives. Dose constrains for different categories of exposures (public exposure, occupational exposure) depending on particular application, should be established and used in the optimisation of protection. In addition, appropriate regulatory control should be established and enforced as well as the stakeholder dialoge and the provision of information responsive to stakeholders concerns.BSS direktiva 2013/59 stupila je na snagu 6. februara 2014. godine. To znači da su države članice u obavezi da usvoje legislativu (zakone, uredbe i upravne odredbe) kako bi uskladile svoje nacionalno zakonodavstvo sa zahtevima ove Direktive do 6. februara 2018. godine. Ova Direktiva jasno definiše „nemediciska izlaganja“ kao namerna izlaganja pojedinaca u svrhe koje nisu medicinske. Ukoliko su ove situacije planiranog izlaganja opravdane potrebno je da budu deo regulatornog okvira tj. da se na njih primenjuju zahtevi za: optimizaciju zaštite, izuzimanje, prijavljivanje, odobrenje delatnosti kao i inspekciju i sprovođenje propisa a u cilju obezbeđivanja sigurnosti tokom rada. Najzahtevniji deo je proces opravdavanja nemediciskih izlaganja imajući u vidu da regulatorna tela za zaštitu od zračenja imaju ograničenu odgovornost u procesu donošenja odluke o opravdanosti delatnosti. Preporuka BSS direktive je da se periodično vrši revizija opravdanih delatnosti koje uključuju namerna izlaganja ljudi u nemedicinske svrhe uzimajući u obzir nove dostupne tehnologije, stepen izlaganja zračenju tokom skrininga i druge ciljeve skrininga. U procesu optimizacije zaštite potrebno je uspostaviti i primenjivati ograničenja doza za različite kategorije izlaganja (izlaganje stanovništva, profesionalno izlaganje) u zavisnosti od pojedinačne primene. Takođe, potrebno je uspostaviti i primenjivati odgovarajuću regulatornu kontrolu kao i sprovoditi dijalog i obezbediti odgovarajuće informacije u vezi sa pitanjima svih zainteresovanih strana.Зборник радова : XXIX симпозијум ДЗЗСЦГ : Сребрно језеро, 27-29. септембар 2017. годин

Adaptive colonization across a parasitism–mutualism gradient

Adaptive colonization is a process wherein a colonizing population exhibits an adaptive change in response to a novel environment, which may be critical to its establishment. To date, theoretical models of adaptive colonization have been based on single-species introductions. However, given their pervasiveness, symbionts will frequently be co-introduced with their hosts to novel areas. We present an individual-based model to investigate adaptive colonization by hosts and their symbionts across a parasite–mutualist continuum. The host must adapt in order to establish itself in the novel habitat, and the symbiont must adapt to track evolutionary change in the host. First, we classify the qualitative shifts in the outcome that can potentially be driven by non-neutral effects of the symbiont–host interaction into three main types: parasite-driven co-extinction, parasite release, and mutualistic facilitation. Second, we provide a detailed description of a specific example for each type of shift. Third, we disentangle how the interplay between symbiont transmissibility, host migration, and selection strength determines: (a) which type of shift is more likely to occur and (b) the size of the interaction effects necessary to produce it. Overall, we demonstrate the crucial role of host and symbiont dispersal scales in shaping the impacts of parasitism and mutualism on adaptive colonization

Preface

ISSN:0962-8436ISSN:1471-2970ISSN:0080-462

Assortative mating, sexual selection and their consequences for gene flow in Littorina

When divergent populations are connected by gene flow, the establishment of complete reproductive isolation usually requires the joint action of multiple barrier effects. One example where multiple barrier effects are coupled consists of a single trait that is under divergent natural selection and also mediates assortative mating. Such multiple‐effect traits can strongly reduce gene flow. However, there are few cases where patterns of assortative mating have been described quantitatively and their impact on gene flow has been determined. Two ecotypes of the coastal marine snail, Littorina saxatilis , occur in North Atlantic rocky‐shore habitats dominated by either crab predation or wave action. There is evidence for divergent natural selection acting on size, and size‐assortative mating has previously been documented. Here, we analyze the mating pattern in L. saxatilis with respect to size in intensively‐sampled transects across boundaries between the habitats. We show that the mating pattern is mostly conserved between ecotypes and that it generates both assortment and directional sexual selection for small male size. Using simulations, we show that the mating pattern can contribute to reproductive isolation between ecotypes but the barrier to gene flow is likely strengthened more by sexual selection than by assortment