The Primary Care Sports and Exercise Medicine Physician: A Key Role in a Continuum Remodeling Medical Career

The characteristics of the primary care sports and exercise medicine physicians (SEMP) have been evolving over the past decades. Nowadays, the sports medicine physician is a highly qualified professional, with a slightly different spectrum of training background according to which part of the globe he/she specialized. Uniquely trained to provide care along the continuum of injuries and illnesses, from the acute evaluation to return to sport, to manage complications and coexisting medical issues, the SEMP are in a critical position to provide a comprehensive management plan to optimize health and performance for the athletes and to develop healthy lifestyles by counseling on physical activity and exercise within the healthcare system. The objective of this chapter is to provide the readers a general overview of the SEMP training, the skills and abilities the primary care physician must pursuit and qualify, and its role from recreational sports to elite level and as a healthy lifestyle promoter

Association between injury mechanisms and magnetic resonance imaging findings in rectus femoris injuries in 105 professional football players

OBJECTIVE : To describe the injury mechanism and its association with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) injury findings in acute rectus femoris injuries. DESIGN : Combined retrospective and prospective descriptive injury study. Retrospective cohort from January 2010 to October 2013 and prospective cohort from October 2013 to January 2019. SETTING : Specialized sports medicine hospital. PARTICIPANTS : Male professional football players older than 18 years playing in a national football league, referred for injury assessment within 7 days after an acute rectus femoris injury, with a positive finding on MRI. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES : Rectus femoris muscle injury MRI findings in relation to injury mechanism in male football players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Rectus femoris injury mechanism (kicking, sprinting, and others), MRI injury location, and grade. RESULTS : There were 105 injuries in total, with 60 (57.1%) and 45 (42.8%) injuries from the retrospective and prospective cohorts, respectively. Kicking was the injury mechanism in 57 (54.3%) of all acute rectus femoris injuries, sprinting represented 32 (30.4%), and 16 (15.2%) were classified as others. There were 20 (19.05%) free tendon, 67 (63.8%) myotendinous junction and/or intramuscular tendon, and 18 (17.1%) peripheral myofascial located injuries. All free tendon injuries were related to kicking and graded as a complete tear of at least one of the tendons in 15/20 (75.0%) cases. CONCLUSIONS : Kicking seems to be an important mechanism related to complete ruptures and injuries occurring at the proximal free tendon. Sprinting was the other most common mechanism but was never associated with injury to the proximal free tendon.http://www.cjsportmed.com2022-05-26hj2021Sports Medicin

Association Between Injury Mechanisms and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Rectus Femoris Injuries in 105 Professional Football Players

OBJECTIVE : To describe the injury mechanism and its association with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) injury findings in acute rectus femoris injuries. DESIGN : Combined retrospective and prospective descriptive injury study. Retrospective cohort from January 2010 to October 2013 and prospective cohort from October 2013 to January 2019. SETTING : Specialized sports medicine hospital. PARTICIPANTS : Male professional football players older than 18 years playing in a national football league, referred for injury assessment within 7 days after an acute rectus femoris injury, with a positive finding on MRI. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES : Rectus femoris muscle injury MRI findings in relation to injury mechanism in male football players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Rectus femoris injury mechanism (kicking, sprinting, and others), MRI injury location, and grade. RESULTS : There were 105 injuries in total, with 60 (57.1%) and 45 (42.8%) injuries from the retrospective and prospective cohorts, respectively. Kicking was the injury mechanism in 57 (54.3%) of all acute rectus femoris injuries, sprinting represented 32 (30.4%), and 16 (15.2%) were classified as others. There were 20 (19.05%) free tendon, 67 (63.8%) myotendinous junction and/or intramuscular tendon, and 18 (17.1%) peripheral myofascial located injuries. All free tendon injuries were related to kicking and graded as a complete tear of at least one of the tendons in 15/20 (75.0%) cases. CONCLUSIONS : Kicking seems to be an important mechanism related to complete ruptures and injuries occurring at the proximal free tendon. Sprinting was the other most common mechanism but was never associated with injury to the proximal free tendon.http://www.cjsportmed.com2022-05-26hj2021Sports Medicin

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field