Fidelización de clientes y su influencia en el posicionamiento de la empresa Floristería Villaflor, Trujillo 2019

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la influencia de la fidelización de clientes en el posicionamiento para la empresa Floristería Villaflor, Trujillo 2019, por lo cual se desarrolló una investigación descriptiva correlaciona, no experimental de corte trasversal. Para la recolección de información se aplicó una encuesta en modalidad de Likert y con niveles a una muestra de 132 clientes de la empresa, después de analizar la información se determina que la empresa Floristería Villaflor tienen un nivel medio de 42.4% referente a la fidelización del cliente y para el posicionamiento tiene un nivel medio de 40.9%,no mostrando un nivel alto en ambos casos, debido que hay factoresde la fidelizaciónde la empresa que se deben de mejorar para poder obtenerun posicionamiento más alto,pero es positivo por el momento su crecimiento que lo mantiene en una posición estable en el mercado deflores. Por otro lado, el spearman dio como resultado una R = 0.411 con un nivel de significancia de p = 0.000 siendo esto menor al 5%, lo cual confirma que la fidelización de clientes influye significativamente en el posicionamiento de la empresa Floristería Villaflor

Anatomy of hypothalamic and diencephalic nuclei involved in seasonal fertility regulation in ewes

In this study, we describe in detail the anatomy of nuclei involved in seasonal fertility regulation (SFR) in ewes. For this purpose, the intergeniculate leaflet of the visual thalamus, the caudal hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, and suprachiasmatic, paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rostral hypothalamus were morphometrically and qualitatively analyzed in Nissl-stained serial sections, in the three anatomical planes. In addition, data were collected on calcium-binding proteins and cell phenotypes after immunostaining alternate serial sections for calretinin, parvalbumin and calbindin. For a complete neuroanatomical study, glial architecture was assessed by immunostaining and analyzing alternate sections for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1). The results showed a strong microglial and astroglia reaction around the hypothalamic nuclei of interest and around the whole 3rd ventricle of the ewe brain. Moreover, we correlated cytoarchitectonic coordinates of panoramic serial sections with their macroscopic localization and extension in midline sagittal-sectioned whole brain to provide guidelines for microdissecting nuclei involved in SFR

Detection of pantothenic acid-immunoreactive neurons in the rat lateral septal nucleus by a newly developed antibody

Introduction. The available immunohistochemical techniques have documented restricted distribution of vitamins in the mammalian brain. The aim of the study was to develop a highly specific antiserum directed against pantothenic acid to explore the presence of this vitamin in the mammalian brain. Material and methods. According to ELISA tests, the anti-pantothenic acid antiserum used showed a good affinity (10–8 M) and specificity. The antiserum was raised in rabbits. Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, the mapping of pantothenic acid-immunoreactive structures was carried out in the rat brain. Results. Pantothenic acid-immunoreactive perikarya were exclusively found in the intermediate part of the lateral septal nucleus. These cells were generally small, round, fusiform or pyramidal and showed 2–3 long (50–100 μm) immunoreactive dendrites. Any immunoreactive axons containing pantothenic acid were detected. Conclusions. The very restricted anatomical distribution of the pantothenic acid suggests that this vitamin could be involved in some specific neurophysiological mechanisms

Generation of specific antisera directed against D-amino acids: focus on the neuroanatomical distribution of D-glutamate and other D-amino acids

This review updates the findings about the anatomical distribution (using immunohistochemical techniques) and possible functions of D-glutamate in the central nervous system of mammals, as well as compares the distribution of D-glutamate with the distribution of the most studied D-amino acids: D-serine and D-aspartate. The protocol used to obtain highly specific antisera directed against D-amino acids is also reported. Immunoreactivity for D-glutamate was found in dendrites and cell bodies, but not in nerve fibers. Perikarya containing D-glutamate were found in the mesencephalon and thalamus. The highest density of cell bodies was found in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the mesencephalic central grey matter, the superior colliculus, and in the subparafascicular thalamic nucleus. In comparison with the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies containing D-serine or D-aspartate, the distribution of D-glutamate-immunoreactive perikarya is less widespread. Currently, the physiological actions mediated by D-glutamate in the brain are unknown but the restricted neuroanatomical distribution of this D-amino acid suggests that D-glutamate could be involved in very specific physiological mechanisms. In this sense, the possible functional roles of D-glutamate are discussed

The Neurokinin-1 Receptor Is Essential for the Viability of Human Glioma Cells: A Possible Target for Treating Glioblastoma

Background. Glioblastoma or glioma is the most common malignant brain tumor. Patients have a prognosis of approximately 15 months, despite the current aggressive treatment. Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) occurs naturally in human glioma, and it is necessary for the tumor development. Objective. The purpose of the study was to increase the knowledge about the involvement of the substance P (SP)/NK-1R system in human glioma. Methods. Cellular localization of NK-1R and SP was studied in GAMG and U-87 MG glioma cell lines by immunofluorescence. The contribution of both SP and NK-1R to the viability of these cells was also assessed after applying the tachykinin 1 receptor (TAC1R) or the tachykinin 1 (TAC1) small interfering RNA gene silencing method, respectively. Results. Both SP and the NK-1R (full-length and truncated isoforms) were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of GAMG and U-87 MG glioma cells. The presence of full-length NK-1R isoform was mainly observed in the nucleus, while the level of truncated isoform was higher in the cytoplasm. Cell proliferation was decreased when glioma cells were transfected with TAC1R siRNA, but not with TAC1. U-87 MG cells were more sensitive to the effect of the TAC1R inhibition than GAMG cells. The decrease in the number of glioma cells after silencing of the TAC1R siRNA gene was due to apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms. In human primary fibroblast cultured cells, TAC1R silencing by siRNA did not produce any change in cell viability. Conclusions. Our results show for the first time that the expression of the TAC1R gene (NK-1R) is essential for the viability of GAMG and U-87 MG glioma cells. On the contrary, the TAC1R gene is not essential for the viability of normal cells, confirming that NK-1R could be a promising and specific therapeutic target for the treatment of glioma.Junta de Andalucía BIO-15

Modifications in the distribution of met-enkephalin in the cat spinal cord after administration of clonidine. An immunocytochemical study

We have studied the modifications in the distribution of methionine-enkephalin in the cat spinal cord after intravenous or intrathecal administration of clonidine by using an immunocytochemical technique. In animals not treated with the substance, a very high density of immunoreactive fibers was found in layers I and 11; a high density in the dorso-lateral funiculus and in the reticular formation; a moderate density in layers 111, IV and V; and a low density in layer VI. However, after intravenous or intrathecal administration of clonidine a decrease in fibers containing met-enkephalin was observed in layers I and I1 (high or moderate density), the dorso-lateral funiculus, and the reticular formation (moderate or low density), and in layers IV and V (low or very low density). In all cases, the decrease in the immunoreactivity was more marked when clonidine was administered intrathecally. Our results suggest that clonidine induces the release of metenkephalin in the spinal cord. They further suggest that the opioid peptide released could be involved in the control of nociceptive transmission by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters (e.g., substance P). In summary, our study shows that clonidine could be involved in antinociceptive mechanisms in the cat spinal cord

Immunohistochemical mapping of neurotensin in the alpaca diencephalon

Introduction. The distribution of the immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers containing neurotensin in the alpacadiencephalon was determined by an immunohistochemical technique.Material and methods. The study was carried out in four male alpacas that lived at sea level. Brains of deeplyanesthetized animals were fixed by perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. Cryostat sections were stained bya standard immunohistochemical method.Results. Cell bodies containing neurotensin were observed in the zona incerta and hypothalamus. A low/moderatedensity of these cell bodies was observed in the lateral hypothalamic area, anterior and dorsal hypothalamicareas, suprachiasmatic nucleus, periventricular region of the hypothalamus and in the ventromedial hypothalamicnucleus. In both thalamus and hypothalamus, immunoreactive fibers showed a widespread distribution. In thethalamus, a high density of these fibers was mainly found in the midline nuclei, whereas in the hypothalamusa high density was in general observed in the whole structure.Conclusions. In comparison with other mammals, the thalamus of the alpaca showed the most widespread distribution of neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers. The widespread distribution of neurotensin through the alpacadiencephalon suggests that the peptide can be involved in many physiological actions

Overexpression of kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid after rat traumatic brain injury

[EN]Using an immunohistochemical technique, we have studied the distribution of kynuneric acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) in a rat brain injury model (trauma). The study was carried out inducing a cerebral ablation of the frontal motor cortex. Two mouse monoclonal specific antibodies previously developed by our group directed against KYNA and 3-HAA were used. In control animals (sham-operated), the expression of both KYNA and 3-HAA was not observed. In animals in which the ablation was performed, the highest number of immunoreactive cells containing KYNA or 3-HAA was observed in the region surrounding the lesion and the number of these cells decreased moving away from the lesion. KYNA and 3-HAA were also observed in the white matter (ipsilateral side) located close to the injured region and in some cells placed in the white matter of the contralateral side. The distribution of KYNA and 3-HAA perfectly matched with the peripheral injured regions. The results found were identical independently of the perfusion date of animals (17, 30 or 54 days after brain injury). For the first time, the presence of KYNA and 3-HAA has been described in a rat trauma model

Mapping of neurokinin-like immunoreactivity in the human brainstem

BACKGROUND: Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, we have studied the distribution of immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies containing neurokinin in the adult human brainstem with no prior history of neurological or psychiatric disease. RESULTS: Clusters of immunoreactive cell bodies and high densities of neurokinin-immunoreactive fibers were located in the periaqueductal gray, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons and mesencephalon. Moreover, immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the inferior colliculus, the raphe obscurus, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, and in the midline of the anterior medulla oblongata. In general, immunoreactive fibers containing neurokinin were observed throughout the whole brainstem. In addition to the nuclei mentioned above, the highest densities of such immunoreactive fibers were located in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the superior colliculus, the substantia nigra, the nucleus ambiguus, the gracile nucleus, the cuneate nucleus, the motor hypoglossal nucleus, the medial and superior vestibular nuclei, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and the interpeduncular nucleus. CONCLUSION: The widespread distribution of immunoreactive structures containing neurokinin in the human brainstem indicates that neurokinin might be involved in several physiological mechanisms, acting as a neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator

Galanin(1-15) reverses the impaired long-term memory effect of fluoxetine in the novel object recognition test. Role of 5-HT1A receptor in medial prefrontal cortex

In this work, we have studied the effects of GAL(1-15) on FLX- mediated effects on the NOR and the OLM, two tasks where FLX treatment impaired long-term memories 24h post-training. Since the mPFC is a core region for the interaction between emotional processing and cognition with a high density of 5-HT1AR and GALR1 and GALR2, we have also analyzed the binding characteristics and mRNA levels of 5-HT1AR in the mPFC after GAL(1-15)-FLX administration in rats. A discrimination index (DI) was calculated as: DI=(N-F)/(N+F), and represent the difference in exploration time expressed as a proportion of the total time spent exploring the two objects. To analyze the binding characteristics and mRNA levels of 5-HT1AR, group of animals (n=6) were injected with FLX(10mg/kg) and GAL(1-15)(1nmol) alone or in combination and coronal sections of the mPFC were obtained to perform a quantitative autoradiography and in situ hybridization experiments In the NOR task, GAL(1-15)+FLX reversed the impairment memory effect induced by FLX(10mg/Kg) (p<0.05). This effect was blocked by the GALR2 antagonist M871. On the contrary, GAL(1-15) did not reverse the effect of FLX in the OLM task. In the autoradiographic experiments, GAL(1-15)+FLX increased the Kd (p<0.01) and the Bmax (p<0.05) values of the agonist radioligand [3H]-8-OH-DPAT compared with FLX in the mPFC. The coadministration also increased the 5-HT1AR mRNA levels (p<0.01) compared with the FLX group. Our results describe an interactions between GAL(1-15) and FLX in the mPFC involving interactions at the 5-HT1AR receptor level with implications also at functional level. The GALR1-GALR2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor could be used to reverse some of the adverse effects of FLX on memory processes.Financiado por proyectos de MINECO: SAF2016-79008-P; PSI2017-82604-R y BES-2014-068426 Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech