Two-Phase Capillary Pressure-Saturation Relationship for Kerosene in Iraqi Sand

Quantitative descriptions of the two-phase flow in the subsurface soil require knowledge of the relative permeability-saturation-capillary pressure Kr-S-Pc relationships. The significance of the present study lies in introducing a physical model that was used to measure the capillary pressure-saturation curve for the twophase kerosene-water system in Kerbala’s sand. The experimental results are fitted with the empirical mathematical function described by (Parker et al., 1987) which is based on (Van Genuchten’s model, 1980). This function can be used to specify the residual water saturation, Sr, and Van Genuchten’s soil parameters, α and n. The best-fit curve was found by using a nonlinear least squares fitting routine using the SPSS software version 7.5. The fitting parameters Sr, α and n for the best-fit to Van Genuchten’s capillary pressuresaturation curve for kerosene-water system have the values of 7%, 0.048 cm-1 and 2.7, respectively, for Kerbala’s sand

Protection of power transformer using microcontroller-based relay

This paper describes the design and implementation of the micro controller-based system for protecting power transformer. The system includes facilities for discrimination between internal fault current and magnetizing inrush current, differential protection, over current protection, over voltage protection and under voltage protection. In this paper, software and hardware of micro controller based system have been explained and designed. The design implementation and testing of the system are also presented

Spatial Prediction of Monthly Precipitation in Sulaimani Governorate using Artificial Neural Network Models

ANN modeling is used here to predict missing monthly precipitation data in one station of the eight weather stations network in Sulaimani Governorate. Eight models were developed, one for each station as for prediction. The accuracy of prediction obtain is excellent with correlation coefficients between the predicted and the measured values of monthly precipitation ranged from (90% to 97.2%). The eight ANN models are found after many trials for each station and those with the highest correlation coefficient were selected. All the ANN models are found to have a hyperbolic tangent and identity activation functions for the hidden and output layers respectively, with learning rate of (0.4) and momentum term of (0.9), but with different data set sub-division into training, testing and holdout data sub-sets, and different number of hidden nodes in the hidden layer. It is found that it is not necessary that the nearest station to the station under prediction has the highest effect; this may be attributed to the high differences in elevation between the stations. It can also found that the variance is not necessary has effect on the correlation coefficient obtained

THE MIGRATION OF LIGHT ORGANIC LIGUIDS IN AN UNSATURATED-SATURATED ZONE OF THE SOIL

A one-dimensional finite difference model for the simultaneous movement of light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) and water through unsaturated-saturated zone of the soil in a three fluid phase system with air assumed constant at atmospheric pressure is developed. The flow equations described the motion of light non-aqueous phase liquid and water are cast in terms of the wetting and non-wetting fluid pressure heads respectively. The finite difference equations are solved fully implicitly using Newton-Raphson iteration scheme. The present numerical results are compared  with results of Kaluarachchi and Parker (1989) and there is a good agreement between them. The present model can be used to simulate various transport problems in a good manner. Results proved that the maximum LNAPL saturation occurred below the source of the contaminant during LNAPL infiltration. During redistribution, the LNAPL saturation had a maximum value at the advancing of the LNAPL infiltration front

PHYSICAL MODEL OF KEROSENE PLUME MIGRATION IN AN UNSATURATED ZONE OF THE SANDY SOIL

Physical model tests were simulated non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) spill in two-dimensional domain above the water table. Four laboratory experiments were carried out in the sand-filled tank. The evolution of the plume was observed through the transparent side of this tank and the contaminant front was traced at appropriate intervals. The materials used in these experiments were Al-Najaf sand as a porous medium and kerosene as contaminant. The results of the experiments showed that after kerosene spreading comes to a halt (ceased) in the homogeneous sand, the bulk of this contaminant is contained within a pancake-shaped lens situated on top of the capillary fringe

Patients' and nurses' perspectives on patients' experience for coronary care unit stressors using a mixed method approach

Background: Getting admitted to CCU is viewed as a stressful event by patients. However, numerous studies have indicated that nurses do not always accurately perceive the stressors of their clients. Therefore, it is important for nurses to know what seems most stressful from the patients‘ perspective so that appropriate nursing measures can be directed towards minimizing such stressors. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of CCU stressors experienced by patients from both patients and nurses perspective and to compare between them, identify the effect of socio-demographic characteristics of participant's on the level of stress perception and to what extent clinical guidelines fulfil CCU needs. Methodology: A mixed method approach (qualitative and quantitative) was applied. Purposive random sampling was used to recruit data. Ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. Data was collected from three CCUs within the West and Northwest NHS Trusts. Participants who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed and asked to rank the Environmental Stressor Questionnaire (ESQ). Qualitative data was analyzed using Gorgi's method of analysis. A quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 15. Results: There was some consistency in the data where patients and nurses provided same ranking for CCU stressors. Consistently nurses ranked physiological stressors higher than psychological stressors. Patients showed consistency in the findings between what they ranked in the ESQ and their narratives more than their counterparts. Perception of stress was affected by participant's socio-demographic characteristics. A key finding is that the current guidelines do not serve patients and nurses needs. Conclusions: Nurses should be well equipped with knowledge and experience to overcome stressful situations. Educational programs should be made available for nurses to improve stress management. Nurses should assess patient's needs by applying effectively communication skills.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

IoT-Based Remote Health Monitoring System Employing Smart Sensors for Asthma Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID19 and asthma are respiratory diseases that can be life threatening in uncontrolled circumstances and require continuous monitoring. A poverty stricken South Asian country like Bangladesh has been bearing the brunt of the COVID19 pandemic since its beginning. The majority of the country's population resides in rural areas, where proper healthcare is difficult to access. This emphasizes the necessity of telemedicine, implementing the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), which is still under development in Bangladesh. This paper demonstrates how the current challenges in the healthcare system are resolvable through the design of a remote health and environment monitoring system, specifically for asthma patients who are at an increased risk of COVID19. Since on-time treatment is essential, this system will allow doctors and medical staff to receive patient information in real time and deliver their services immediately to the patient regardless of their location. The proposed system consists of various sensors collecting heart rate, body temperature, ambient temperature, humidity, and air quality data and processing them through the Arduino Microcontroller. It is integrated with a mobile application. All this data is sent to the mobile application via a Bluetooth module and updated every few seconds so that the medical staff can instantly track patients' conditions and emergencies. The developed prototype is portable and easily usable by anyone. The system has been applied to five people of different ages and medical histories over a particular period. Upon analyzing all their data, it became clear which participants were particularly vulnerable to health deterioration and needed constant observation. Through this research, awareness about asthmatic symptoms will improve and help prevent their severity through effective treatment anytime, anywhere.Comment: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (2022

Beyond the backchannel: Leveraging Twitter to enact learning processes

Conferences provide opportunities for participants to learn with each other through social discovery, interaction and knowledge development. Increasingly, Twitter provides an online backchannel surrounding conference activities. This backchannel both augments in-person interactions, and provides a means for people not in attendance to follow and contribute to the dialogue. Thus, Twitter backchannels provide learning opportunities both for those in attendance, and for others in the wider Twitter-verse. Given that conferences are a forum in which interactive learning takes place, how might Twitter participation at conferences facilitate learning? This session intends to initiate a collaborative dialogue around this inquiry using Twitter as a catalyst, complementing the existing iConference Twitter backchannel. This exploration will focus on content and network analysis methods, discussions on learning networks, and ideation around Twitter as a learning tool. We invite participation both through attendance in the introductory and concluding sessions, as well as via Twitter throughout the conference.ye

INITIAL COLLECTION EFFICIENCY FOR GLASS FILTER MEDIA

This study investigated the ability of using crushed glass solid wastes in water filtration by using a pilot plant, constructed in Al-Wathba water treatment plant in Baghdad. Different depths and different grain sizes of crushed glass were used as mono and dual media with sand and porcelaniate in the filtration process. The mathematical model by Tufenkji and Elimelech was used to evaluate the initial collection efficiency η of these filters. The results indicated that the collection efficiency varied inversely with the filtration rate. For the mono media filters the theoretical ηth values were more than the practical values ηprac calculated from the experimental work. In the glass filter ηprac was obtained by multiplying ηth by a factor 0.945 where this factor was 0.714 for the sand filter. All the dual filters showed that ηth was less than ηprac. Whereas the dual filter 35cm porcelanite and 35cm glass showed the highest collection efficiency. To obtain ηprac in the dual filter glass and sand, ηth is multiplied by 1.374, as for the dual filters porcelanite and glass the factor was 1.168 and 1.204

Numerical Modeling of Flood Wave Behavior with Meandering Effects (Euphrates River, Haditha-Hit)

A numerical model for routing of flood wave in a part of meandering river is presented. It is based on a modified form of the complete one-dimensional Saint- Venant equations of unsteady flow. These equations were modified such that flows in the meandering river channel, left over bank flood plain, and right over bank flood plain were all identified separately. Thus, the differences in hydraulic and geometric properties and flow-path distances were considered for all three divisions of the valley cross-section. This development differs from conventional one-dimensional treatment of unsteady flows in rivers with flood plain wherein the flow is either averaged across the total cross-sectional area (channel and flood plain) or the flood plain is treated as off-channel storage, and the reach lengths of the channel and flood plain are assumed to be identical. The weighted four-point implicit finite difference method is selected to solve a modified Sain-Venant equations for its versatility and computing efficiency. The numerical model was applied to the Euphrates river at the reach between Haditha dam and Hit city along (124.4 km) to make a sensitivity analysis of the following parameters: maximum flood wave discharge, maximum flood wave elevation, lag time of the peak discharge, lag time of the peak level, and time of arrival of flood wave to a seven major cities along the Euphrates river in a case study and comparing it with a same parameters produced when a conventional one-dimensional treatment of unsteady flows in river with flood plains where the meandering in river is neglected