Determinants of air transport development

PURPOSE: The study aims to systematize the most important events and processes that determined the progress in the development of air transport. It serves to clarify the research methodology, the importance of globalization and competition, relationships, stimulators and alliances in the process of gaining advantages on the passenger air transport market.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The configuration and scope of the research process were based on the available literature, statistical data, empirical calculations, interviews, opinions, experiences of scientists and representatives of airlines and airports. The methodology of the effectiveness of the impact of market rules in the conditions of liberalization and globalization was also used, as well as gaining a leading position in the conditions of competition and the search for economic efficiency.FINDINGS: The need to supply high-quality expected services, maintain permanent ties with former and current customers (loyalty programmes), apply incentives, promotions, discounts and awards, determining the dimensions of passenger movement between traditional and low-cost carriers, has been demonstrated.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Reliability, comprehensiveness and universality of research become an absolute requirement for the effectiveness of analyzes and assessments. The universal research methodology presented in the study can be used in any field and in relation to any entity of transport activity.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The research methodology adopted allows for comprehensive research, both theoretical and pragmatic. It also extends the effective search for the desired solutions. In order to gain a competitive advantage in air transport, it is necessary to improve the quality of services and service in all phases of the transport process, as well as to expand and tighten loyalty relations with customers.peer-reviewe

Selected factors determining the development of the tourist services market in Poland

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to characterize and systematize selected determinants of the development of the tourist services market in Poland. It is used to present various concepts of factors, connections and stimulators of the tourism market.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The configuration and scope of the research process were based on available literature, statistical data, empirical calculations, and experiences of scientists dealing with the tourism market. The research results of the Central Statistical Office, the Polish Economic Institute,etc. were used.FINDINGS: The need for actions to improve the functioning of the tourism market has been demonstrated, including: limiting seasonality in tourist traffic, increasing the consumption of tourist services by foreign tourists, technological innovations in the field of digitization and "big data", etc.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The necessity, comprehensiveness and universality of research are becoming a modern requirement for the effectiveness of analyzes of the functioning of the tourism market. The issue of the impact of selected factors in the development of the tourism market in Poland presented in the study is aimed at: increasing its competitiveness compared to other countries in Europe and the world, increasing the tax revenues of the state budget from tourism, increasing the share of tourism in GDP.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The adopted course of analysis of the impact of selected factors in the development of the tourism market shows a further need to conduct comprehensive research, both theoretical and practical. In order to gain a competitive advantage in the development of the tourism market, activities for its development in the field of new technologies, e.g. digitization and "big data" calculations, should be strengthened.peer-reviewe

Przypadek ostrego rozwarstwienia aorty u chorego z zespołem Marfana

Acute thoracic aorta dissection is one the most dangerous pathology of aorta. If left untreated, is associated with high mortality.Early diagnosis and proper treatment improves outcomes. Miniinvasive procedures give the opportunity to plan thehybrid approach. In this way, all the advantages and opportunities of chosen methods can be used, minimising their complications.Multidisciplinary cooperation during the whole process of treatment, including out-patient care is crutial. Doing socreates the optimal conditions for the treatment by reducing operative trauma and improving the quality of life

Analysis of solitary pulmonary nodules found in chest radiograms

Wstęp: Pojedyncze guzki płuca (SPNs) wykrywane są coraz częściej przede wszystkim w badaniach tomografii komputerowej, niemniej podstawowym badaniem w rutynowej diagnostyce chorób układu oddechowego nadal pozostaje radiogram (RTG) klatki piersiowej. Celem pracy była ocena częstości wykrywania nowych SPNs w rutynowo wykonywanych radiogramach klatki piersiowej w populacji chorych hospitalizowanych oraz analiza częstości występowania guzków o etiologii złośliwej wśród nowo rozpoznanych SPNs. Materiał i metody: Przeprowadzono analizę 5726 radiogramów klatki piersiowej wykonanych u chorych hospitalizowanych w Klinice Chorób Wewnętrznych, Pneumonologii i Alergologii w latach 2004-2005. Większość chorych przyjęto w trybie pilnym ze wskazań internistycznych. Rozpoznanie złośliwej etiologii zmiany ustalono na podstawie badania histologicznego lub cytologicznego. Guzki kwalifikowano jako łagodne na podstawie wyników pooperacyjnych badań histologicznych lub na podstawie kryteriów radiologicznych (obecność zwapnienia całkowitego lub centralnego, regresja lub brak wzrostu guzka przez 2 lata w kontrolnych badaniach obrazowych). Wyniki: Spośród 5726 RTG klatki piersiowej stwierdzono 116 takich, w których po raz pierwszy rozpoznano SPNs, co stanowiło 2,2%. W tym 24 guzki (21%) były o etiologii złośliwej (rak niedrobnokomórkowy n = 21, przerzuty n = 3), a 51 zmian (44%) uznano za guzki łagodne. U 19 osób (16%) opisane zmiany uznano za pozorne lub pozapłucne. W 22 przypadkach (19%) nie ustalono ostatecznego rozpoznania (brak danych lub zaniechanie diagnostyki). Wnioski: Występowanie nowo rozpoznanych SPNs stwierdzono w 2,2% wykonanych radiogramów u osób hospitalizowanych. Rozpoznane zmiany miały najczęściej charakter łagodny, a guzki złośliwe stanowiły 21% stwierdzonych zmian.Introduction: The detection of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) has increased due to widespread use of computed tomography; nevertheless, chest radiographs still remain the basic routine examination. The aim of the study was to estimate the detection of SPNs in routine chest X-rays in hospitalized patients and to assess the incidence of malignancy in newly diagnosed SPNs. Material and methods: We analyzed 5726 routine chest radiographs of patients admitted to the Department of Internal Diseases, Pneumology and Allergology in 2004 and 2005. Most of the patients were admitted to hospital due to emergency reasons. The malignant nature of the nodules was confirmed by pathological examination. The nature of benign nodules was confirmed either by pathological examination or based on radiological criteria: no growth within 2 years of radiological follow up, regression in control radiograms or CT scans, benign pattern of calcification. Results: Among the 5726 radiograms we found 116 newly diagnosed SPNs (2.2%). Twenty-four nodules (21%) were malignant: NSCLC in 21 cases and metastases in 3 cases. Fifty-one nodules (44%) were benign. In 19 patients (16%) SPNs proved to be artefacts or erroneously interpreted extrathoracic lesions. In 22 cases (19%) there was no final diagnosis (lack of data, diagnostic procedure renunciation). Conclusion: The incidence of newly detected SPNs in chest X-rays was 2.2%. Most SPNs were benign. About 21% of SPNs were diagnosed as malignant

Mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke – Five years of experience in Poland

Objectives Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is not reimbursed by the Polish public health system. We present a description of 5 years of experience with MT in acute stroke in Comprehensive Stroke Centers (CSCs) in Poland. Methods and results We retrospectively analyzed the results of a structured questionnaire from 23 out of 25 identified CSCs and 22 data sets that include 61 clinical, radiological and outcome measures. Results Most of the CSCs (74%) were founded at University Hospitals and most (65.2%) work round the clock. In 78.3% of them, the working teams are composed of neurologists and neuro-radiologists. All CSCs perform CT and angio-CT before MT. In total 586 patients were subjected to MT and data from 531 of them were analyzed. Mean time laps from stroke onset to groin puncture was 250±99min. 90.3% of the studied patients had MT within 6h from stroke onset; 59.3% of them were treated with IV rt-PA prior to MT; 15.1% had IA rt-PA during MT and 4.7% – emergent stenting of a large vessel. M1 of MCA was occluded in 47.8% of cases. The Solitaire device was used in 53% of cases. Successful recanalization (TICI2b–TICI3) was achieved in 64.6% of cases and 53.4% of patients did not experience hemorrhagic transformation. Clinical improvement on discharge was noticed in 53.7% of cases, futile recanalization – in 30.7%, mRS of 0–2 – in 31.4% and mRS of 6 in 22% of cases. Conclusion Our results can help harmonize standards for MT in Poland according to international guidelines

Economic and social conditions for the development of the tourist services market in Zamość

Artykuł dotyczy aktualnego problemu, który można określić, jako poszukiwanie ekonomiczno-społecznych determinant umożliwiających zwiększenie ruchu turystycznego i jego efektywności na badanym obszarze. Problematyka dotyczy Zamościa, w którym zagadnienia dotyczące efektywnego zarządzania turystyką należą do priorytetowych. Celem opracowania jest zweryfikowanie i przybliżenie odbiorcy najcenniejszych walorów turystycznych tego regionu, jak i wskazanie najważniejszych uwarunkowań i źródeł determinujących lokalny rozwój turystyki oraz ekonomiczne i społeczne efekty związane z tym procesem. Ocenę oparto na aktualnych badaniach empirycznych, co zwiększa stopień przydatności opracowania do rozwiązania istotnych problemów z zakresu turystyki w mieście umieszczonym na Liście Dziedzictwa Światowego UNESCO.The article deals with the current problem, which can be defined as the search for economic and social determinants that allow increasing tourist traffic and its effective in the studied area. Issues related to Zamość, in which the issues of effective tourism management are among the priority ones. The aim of the study is to verify and familiarize the recipient with the most valuable tourist values of this region, as well as to indicate the most important conditions and sources determining local tourism development as well as economic and social effects associated with this process. The assessment was based on current empirical research, which increases the usefulness of the study to solve significant problems in the field of tourism in the city placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List

Economic and social conditions for the development of the tourist services market in Zamość

Artykuł dotyczy aktualnego problemu, który można określić, jako poszukiwanie ekonomiczno-społecznych determinant umożliwiających zwiększenie ruchu turystycznego i jego efektywności na badanym obszarze. Problematyka dotyczy Zamościa, w którym zagadnienia dotyczące efektywnego zarządzania turystyką należą do priorytetowych. Celem opracowania jest zweryfikowanie i przybliżenie odbiorcy najcenniejszych walorów turystycznych tego regionu, jak i wskazanie najważniejszych uwarunkowań i źródeł determinujących lokalny rozwój turystyki oraz ekonomiczne i społeczne efekty związane z tym procesem. Ocenę oparto na aktualnych badaniach empirycznych, co zwiększa stopień przydatności opracowania do rozwiązania istotnych problemów z zakresu turystyki w mieście umieszczonym na Liście Dziedzictwa Światowego UNESCO.The article deals with the current problem, which can be defined as the search for economic and social determinants that allow increasing tourist traffic and its effective in the studied area. Issues related to Zamość, in which the issues of effective tourism management are among the priority ones. The aim of the study is to verify and familiarize the recipient with the most valuable tourist values of this region, as well as to indicate the most important conditions and sources determining local tourism development as well as economic and social effects associated with this process. The assessment was based on current empirical research, which increases the usefulness of the study to solve significant problems in the field of tourism in the city placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List

Relation of Moderate Physical Activity to Blood Markers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in the Elderly

The aim of the present study was to establish whether markers of oxidative stress and the enzymatic defense system of the blood are related to moderate physical activity in younger old and the oldest old men. They were divided into four groups according to the age and level of physical activity (groups YN and YA—inactive and active younger old men aged 65-74 years, groups ON and OA—inactive and active oldest old men aged 90-99 years). Venous blood was collected from the subjects in the morning before breakfast. MDA concentration and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR) in erythrocyte hemolysates were assayed. The concentration of isoprostanes (8-iso-PGF2α) and carbonyl groups in protein (CP) was measured in plasma and serum. All assayed antioxidant enzyme activities and the SOD/GPx ratios were significantly higher in the active younger old males than in all the inactive ones. In the group of oldest old active participants, only the GPx activity was significantly higher compared to the inactive oldest old males. The activity of CAT and GPx in the younger old inactive men was significantly lower than that in the oldest old inactive subjects. However, SOD, CAT, and GR activities and SOD/GPx ratio were significantly higher in the younger old active men compared to the oldest old active participants. The concentrations of isoprostanes, protein carbonyls, and MDA were significantly lower in both active and inactive younger old males than in the respective groups of the oldest old men and in both groups of active men, independently of age, compared to the respective inactive subjects. The present study confirmed that oxidative stress is related to age. Physical activity caused a decrease of oxidative stress markers independently of age and resulted in an increase of GPx activity in both younger old and the oldest old active groups