64 research outputs found
STONE PINE SEEDS (PINUS PINEA L.), FOREST REPRODUCTIVE MATERIAL AND FOOD
Pinija (Pinus pinea L.) je mediteranska vrsta drveÄa. RaÅ”irena je na cijelom Sredozemlju. U Hrvatskoj je prirodno rasprostranjena na otoku Mljetu u podruÄju Saplunare. Zbog ekonomske, ekoloÅ”ke, pejzažne, nutritivne i zdravstvene vrijednosti velike su moguÄnosti iskoriÅ”tavanja pinije. U Å”umarstvu se koristi za poÅ”umljavanje degradiranih staniÅ”ta eumediteranskoga krÅ”kog podruÄja Hrvatske, a zbog Å”iroke kiÅ”obranaste kroÅ”nje vrlo dekorativnog izgleda interesantna je i kao hortikulturna vrsta. Nutritivna i zdravstvena vrijednost sjemena proizlazi iz kemijskog sastava. Bogato je proteinima, vitaminima A, B, C, D, E, od minerala željezom,
magnezijem, fosforom, selenom i cinkom, nezasiÄenim masnim kiselinama i polifenolima. Ispitana je kvaliteta i kemijski sastav sjemena: klijavost sjemena, masa 1000 sjemenaka, vlaga, koliÄina fosfora, kalija, kalcija, magnezija, bakra, cinka, željeza i mangana.
Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja u skladu su s literaturnim podatcima istraživanja provedenih u drugim mediteranskim zemljama.
Upotreba sjemena pinije za potrebe Ŕumarstva i proizvodnju Ŕumskoga reprodukcijskog materijala te za prehranu zanemariva je. Stoga bi bilo potrebno intenzivirati proizvodnju sjemena za navedene namjene.The stone pine is typically Mediterranean tree species found along the Mediterranean basin. In Croatia the stone pine is natively distributed on the island of Mljet, the locality Saplunara. The use of these seeds is extensive in the trade, the ecology, the landscape as well as in the nutrition. In the forestry it is used for the reforestation of Croatian Mediterranean karst region. Because of their wide umbrella shaped crown and very decorative form it is interesting as horticulture tree species. The chemical composition is the reason for nutritive and
health values. The seeds are rich in proteins, vitamins A,B,C, D and E, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selen, zinc, unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols. In this research qualitative properties of seeds and chemical composition of seed coat and seed have been tested: germination capacity, 1000 seed weight, amount of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese. Research results are in good agreement with the reported values in other Mediterranean countries. The use of Pinus pinea L seeds as forest reproductive material and the nutrition is negligible. Therefore the intensive production of seeds would be of a great interest
Mehanizmi toksiÄnosti ionskih kapljevina
Over the past three decades a growing awareness of environmental protection prompted the development of so-called green and sustainable technologies. Therefore, academic and wider community intensively explores new chemicals and safer, more energy efficient processes based on a rational compromise between economic, social, and environmental requirements. Due to low volatility and stability, ionic liquids emerged as a potential replacement for traditional volatile and harmful organic solvents. Various studies have been carried out to validate the green character of ionic liquids, whereby data published suggest that these compounds, due to their relatively high toxicity and poor biodegradability, could have an extremely negative impact on the environment. This paper presents the current knowledge on the toxicity of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms by which this group of compounds causes changes in the morphology and physiology of organisms at different organisational levels of the ecosystem.U protekla tri desetljeÄa sve viÅ”e raste svijest ljudi o potrebi zaÅ”tite okoliÅ”a, pa se velika pozornost pridaje tzv. zelenim i održivim tehnologijama. Stoga se u akademskim sredinama, a i u Å”iroj zajednici, intenzivno istražuju nove kemikalije te sigurniji i energetski uÄinkovitiji procesi koji se zasnivaju na prihvatljivom kompromisu izmeÄu ekonomskih, socijalnih i ekoloÅ”kih zahtjeva. Ionske se kapljevine zbog neznatne hlapljivosti i stabilnosti smatraju potencijalnom zelenom zamjenom za tradicionalna i Å”kodljiva organska otapala. Kako bi se potvrdio zeleni karakter ionskih kapljevina, posljednjih godina provode se razliÄita istraživanja njihova uÄinka na okoliÅ”. Do sada objavljeni podaci upuÄuju na to da bi ova skupina spojeva, zbog relativno visoke toksiÄnosti i slabe biorazgradljivosti, ipak mogla imati izrazito negativan utjecaj na okoliÅ”. U ovom radu prikazana su dosadaÅ”nja saznanja o toksiÄnosti ionskih kapljevina, s naglaskom na mehanizme kojima ova skupina spojeva uzrokuje promjene u morfologiji i fiziologiji organizama koji se nalaze na razliÄitim organizacijskim razinama ekosustava
Bioactive compounds glucosinolates and polyphenols in florets, leaves and stems of broccoli (BrassicaĀ oleracea var. italica L.)
Brokula (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) je povrÄe koje se smatra izvornim oblikom cvjetaÄe, a uzgaja se zbog zelenih cvjetnih izdanaka smjeÅ”tenih na razgranatoj mekanoj stabljici. Brokula je bogata bioaktivnim spojevima, glukozinolatima i polifenolima te se uvelike istražuje radi njihova korisnog djelovanja na ljudsko zdravlje. U literaturi je mnogo viÅ”e radova o sastavu i udjelima bioaktivnih spojeva u cvatu nego u listovima i stabljici biljke. U ovom radu analizirani su ukupni i pojedinaÄni glukozinolati, ukupni polifenolni spojevi te njihov antioksidacijski kapacitet u svim jestivim dijelovima brokule (cvat, listovi, stabiljka). UtvrÄeno je da je koliÄina glukozinolata najveÄa u listu brokule pri Äemu udio indolnih prevladava nad alifatskim spojevima Å”to vrijedi i za cvat. U stabljici je veÄi udio alifatskih spojeva. Udio polifenolnih spojeva u uzorcima u rasponu je od 9,70-16,11 mg GE g-1 s. tv. u stabljici, od 17,65-31,08 mg GE g-1 s. tv. u cvatu i od 22,27-34,02 mg GE g-1 s.tv. u listu brokule. VeÄu antioksidacijsku aktivnost pokazuju uzorci s veÄom koncentracijom polifenola. Ti rezultati upuÄuju da ne samo cvat brokule veÄ i ostali dijelovi biljke mogu biti vrijedan izvor bioaktivnih spojeva te ih se preporuÄa takoÄer koristiti u prehrani. Nadalje, nusproizvodi nakon berbe, stabiljke i listovi mogli bi se koristiti kao sirovina za njihovu izolaciju te eventualnu uporabu kao dodataka prehrani.Broccoli is rich in bioactive compounds, polyphenols and glucosinolates, and as such considered as functional food and great experimental material. Previous scientific attention had mostly been focussed on composition and amounts of phytochemicals in florets rather than leaves and stem. In this research, content of total and individual glucosinolates, total polyphenols and antioxidative capacity were studied in broccoli florets, leaves and stems. Leaves showed to be the most abundant in glucosinolates with indolyl predominating aliphatic as was also the case in florets. In contrast, stem contained more aliphatic than indolyl glucosinolates. Polyphenol quantity ranged from 9.70-16.11 mg GE g-1 DW in stems, from 17.65-31.08 mg GE g-1 DW in florets and from 22.27-34.02 mg GE g-1 DW in leaves and was the highest in leaves irrespective of extraction method. It was determined that samples containing the highest amounts of polyphenols also had the highest antioxidant activity
Primjena kultura stanica za odreÄivanje bioloÅ”ke aktivnosti spojeva iz biljaka
Prirodni proizvodi poput žitarica, oraÅ”astih plodova, voÄa, povrÄa i ljekovitog bilja sadrže brojne bioloÅ”ki aktivne tvari (fenolne spojeve, glukozinolate, karotenoide, alkaloide i dr.) koje mogu imati razliÄite povoljne, ali i nepovoljne uÄinke na organizam. Povoljni uÄinci na zdravlje ljudi povezuju se s antitumorskim, antialergijskim, antibiotiÄkim, antioksidacijskim i drugim svojstvima koje mogu posjedovati bioloÅ”ki aktivne tvari iz biljaka. UtvrÄeno je da djelovanje navedenih tvari ima zaÅ”titni uÄinak kod Å”irokog raspona tumorskih oboljenja, smanjuje moguÄnost pojave koronarnih bolesti, srÄanog udara te Å”titi organizam od oksidativnog stresa uzrokovanog slobodnim radikalima. Stoga se sve viÅ”e ispituje primjena bioloÅ”ki aktivnih tvari iz biljaka kao izvora novih lijekova, pri Äemu se u istraživanjima Äesto koriste in vitro testovi koji ukljuÄuju uporabu razliÄitih humanih staniÄnih linija.
StaniÄne linije koriste se u procjeni toksiÄnosti kemikalija i uzoraka iz okoliÅ”a te predstavljaju vrlo koristan alternativni pristup u (eko)toksikoloÅ”kim istraživanjima. TakoÄer, Äesto se koriste pri ispitivanju bioloÅ”ke aktivnosti spojeva prisutnih u biljkama, osobito voÄu i povrÄu, te raznih proizvoda koji se baziraju na tim sirovinama. Interakcija ispitivane tvari i bioloÅ”kih sustava odvija se ponaprije na staniÄnoj razini, na Äemu se temelji primjena in vitro staniÄnih kultura, koje omoguÄuju brže i ekonomiÄnije studije u odnosu na in vivo istraživanja. Kod in vitro testova najÄeÅ”Äe se odreÄuje tzv. bazalna citotoksiÄnost, kojom se odreÄuje uÄinak ispitivane tvari na preživljenje stanica u kulturi, a tako dobiveni rezultati mogu poslužiti kao smjernice za daljnja in vivo istraživanja
Low-Phytotoxic Deep Eutectic Systems as Alternative Extraction Media for the Recovery of Chitin from Brown Crab Shells
Funding Information: This work was financed by Portugal 2020 through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the frame of Operational Competitiveness and Internationalization Program (POCI) in the scope of the project MultiBiorefineryāPOCI-01-0145-FEDER-016403, co-financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC. Additional funding was received from PTDC/EQU-EQU/29851/2017 project, financed by national funds (FCT/MEC); and from ERC-2016-CoG 725034 grant agreement, financed by the European Unionās Horizon 2020 (European Research Council). This work was also supported by the funding received from INTERFACE Program, through the Innovation, Technology and Circular Economy Fund (FITEC); and from iNOVA4Health (UIDB/04462/2020) and the Associate Laboratory for Green ChemistryāLAQV (UIDB/50006/2020), programs financially supported by FCT/MEC, through national funds. This work has also received support from COST Action CA18224 through an STSM Grant. Liliana A. Rodrigues, Alexandre Paiva, and Ana A. Matias have also received financial support from FCT through the SFRH/BD/116002/2016, IF/01146/2015, and IF/00723/2014 grants, respectively. The authors are grateful to Tejo Ribeirinho Lda. for kindly supplying the biomass used in this work. Publisher Copyright: Ā© 2021 American Chemical Society.The versatility of chitin and its derivatives has allowed their utilization in a wide range of applications, from wastewater treatment to pharmaceutical or biomedical industries. However, even though the extraction method used industrially is extremely efficient, it involves the use of strong acids and bases and results in the disposal of large quantities of toxic effluents. Deep eutectic systems (DESs) have emerged as a promising new class of alternative solvents, including for chitin recovery. Yet, the assessment of their toxicity has often been neglected. Therefore, in this work, the phytotoxicity of choline chloride (ChCl)/organic acid-based DESs toward wheat seeds was evaluated by measuring different growth parameters and stress biomarkers. DESs were then explored for the efficient recovery of chitin contained in brown crab shell residues at varying conditions of temperature and processing time as well as with and without water addition. The obtained chitin was then characterized through different analytical techniques and compared to a standard as well as to chitin obtained by a conventional acid/alkaline hydrolysis. Results have shown that by applying a ChCl/lactic acid-based DES (which was the system that showed the least phytotoxic effects on wheat; EC50 ā„ 1.6 mg/mL) at 130 Ā°C, it was possible to obtain pure chitin (up to 98%) with characteristics similar to those presented by commercial chitin or chitin recovered by conventional hydrolysis in a shorter time (more than 8-fold faster), thus suggesting that ChCl/organic acid-based DESs can truly represent a low-phytotoxic alternative extraction media for the recovery of chitin from the crab shell biomass.publishersversionpublishe
Metode priprave eutektiÄkih otapala
KlasiÄna organska otapala uzrokuju brojne negativne uÄinke na okoliÅ” i zdravlje ljudi, a neizbježni su za koriÅ”tenje u kemijskoj i biotehnoloÅ”koj industriji. PokuÅ”avajuÄi unaprijediti proizvodnju industrijski važnih kemikalija u ekoloÅ”kom, ali i ekonomskom pogledu, istražuje se primjena razliÄitih nekonvencionalnih otapala, meÄu kojima se istiÄu ionske tekuÄine i eutektiÄka otapala. Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati moguÄnost unaprjeÄenja priprave eutektiÄkih otapala primjenom reaktora koji ima moguÄnost istovremenog koriÅ”tenja ultrazvuka i mikrovalnog zraÄenja. Priprema eutektiÄkog otapala sastava kolin kloridi:glukoza (u molarnom mjeru 1:2) klasiÄnom metodom (zagrijavanje vodenom kupelji uz mijeÅ”anje magnetskom mjeÅ”alicom) trajala je viÅ”e od 3 sata, dok je priprema otapala u ultrazvuÄno-mikrovalnom reaktoru trajala 25 min (vrijeme priprave skraÄeno je Äak 7 puta). Rezultati prikazani u ovom istraživanju imaju znaÄajan doprinos u razvoju uÄinkovitih, kao i ekonomiÄnih te održivih procesa za pripremu industrijski važnih otapala
Sastav glukozinata i aktivnost mirozinaze i peroksidaze u biljÄicama, tumoru i teratomu hrena (Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.)
In vitro grown plantlets, tumour and teratoma tissues of horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.) were compared with regard to glucosinolate profiles. Plantlets produced significantly higher amounts of total glucosinolates than tumour and teratoma tissues. The aliphatic glucosinolate sinigrin was quantitatively dominant. Plantlets also contained lower amounts of an aromatic glucosinolate, gluconasturtiin and indole compounds: glucobrassicin, 4-methylglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin. In tumour and teratoma tissues only these indole glucosinolates were detected. The activity of enzyme myrosinase (Ī²-thioglucosidase) was significantly higher in plantlets than in teratoma. No myrosinase activity was recorded in tumour. Total peroxidase activity was 30ā50 times higher in tumour and teratoma than in plantlets. The hypothesis that teratoma tissue with shoots is more similar to plantlets than to unorganised tumour has not been confirmed neither for glucosinolate profiles nor for peroxidase activity, but only for myrosinase activity.UsporeÄen je sastav glukozinolata iz in vitro uzgajanih biljÄica, tumora i teratoma hrena (Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.). BiljÄice su sadržavale kudikamo viÅ”e ukupnih glukozinolata nego tumor i teratom. Po koliÄini je prevladavao alifatski glukozinolat. BiljÄice su sadržavale joÅ” manju koliÄinu aromatskog glukozinolata, glukonasturtina te indolske spojeve: glukobrasicin, 4-metilglukobrasicin i
4-hidroksiglukobrasicin. U tumorskom i teratomskom tkivu otkriveni su samo ti indolni glukozinolati. Aktivnost enzima mirozinaze (Ī²-tioglukozidaza) bila je veÄa u biljÄicama nego u teratomu, a u tumoru nije utvrÄena. Ukupna peroksidazna aktivnost bila je 30-50 puta veÄa u tumoru i teratomu nego u biljÄicama. Pretpostavka da Äe teratomsko tkivo koje sadrži izdanke biti sliÄnije biljÄici nego neorganiziranom tumoru nije se potvrdila ni u profilu glukozinolata, niti peroksidaznoj aktivnosti, nego samo u mirozinaznoj aktivnosti
Metode priprave eutektiÄkih otapala
KlasiÄna organska otapala uzrokuju brojne negativne uÄinke na okoliÅ” i zdravlje ljudi, a neizbježni su za koriÅ”tenje u kemijskoj i biotehnoloÅ”koj industriji. PokuÅ”avajuÄi unaprijediti proizvodnju industrijski važnih kemikalija u ekoloÅ”kom, ali i ekonomskom pogledu, istražuje se primjena razliÄitih nekonvencionalnih otapala, meÄu kojima se istiÄu ionske tekuÄine i eutektiÄka otapala. Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati moguÄnost unaprjeÄenja priprave eutektiÄkih otapala primjenom reaktora koji ima moguÄnost istovremenog koriÅ”tenja ultrazvuka i mikrovalnog zraÄenja. Priprema eutektiÄkog otapala sastava kolin kloridi:glukoza (u molarnom mjeru 1:2) klasiÄnom metodom (zagrijavanje vodenom kupelji uz mijeÅ”anje magnetskom mjeÅ”alicom) trajala je viÅ”e od 3 sata, dok je priprema otapala u ultrazvuÄno-mikrovalnom reaktoru trajala 25 min (vrijeme priprave skraÄeno je Äak 7 puta). Rezultati prikazani u ovom istraživanju imaju znaÄajan doprinos u razvoju uÄinkovitih, kao i ekonomiÄnih te održivih procesa za pripremu industrijski važnih otapala
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