Гносеологическая прозрачность терминов-аббревиатур в различных дискурсивных практиках (на материале сферы «Вспомогательные репродуктивные технологии»)

В статье рассматривается изменение уровня гносеологической прозрачности семантики терминов-аббревиатур, номинирующих процедуры отрасли «Вспомогательные репродуктивные технологии», при их функционировании в различных видах дискурса (научный медицинский и сетевой популярно-медицинский)

Исследование ресурса работы зондов для электроимпульсной литотрипсии

В данной статье представлена оценка ресурса работы зондов различных конструкций для электроимпульсной литотрипсии, выявлены наиболее часто возникающие дефекты. Сделаны выводы о перспективах применения и дальнейшего усовершенствования конструкций

Выбор материала фильтра на основе СВС-механокомпозитов для рафинирования кремния

Работа посвящена подбору материала фильтра, получаемого с применением технологий механической активации и самораспространяющегося высокотемпературного синтеза (СВС), а также установлению возможности протекания реакции в режиме СВС между выбранными компонентами.The work is devoted to the selection of the filter material obtained with the use of the technologies of mechanical activation and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), as well as the establishment of the possibility of the reaction in the SHS mode between the selected components

Guidance on Conducting and REporting DElphi Studies (CREDES) in palliative care:Recommendations based on a methodological systematic review

BACKGROUND: The Delphi technique is widely used for the development of guidance in palliative care, having impact on decisions with relevance for patient care. AIM: To systematically examine the application of the Delphi technique for the development of best practice guidelines in palliative care. DESIGN: A methodological systematic review was undertaken using the databases PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete and EMBASE. DATA SOURCES: Original articles (English language) were included when reporting on empirical studies that had used the Delphi technique to develop guidance for good clinical practice in palliative care. Data extraction included a quality appraisal on the rigour in conduct of the studies and the quality of reporting. RESULTS: A total of 30 empirical studies (1997-2015) were considered for full-text analysis. Considerable differences were identified regarding the rigour of the design and the reporting of essential process and outcome parameters. Furthermore, discrepancies regarding the use of terms for describing the method were observed, for example, concerning the understanding of a 'round' or a 'modified Delphi study'. CONCLUSION: Substantial variation was found concerning the quality of the study conduct and the transparency of reporting of Delphi studies used for the development of best practice guidance in palliative care. Since credibility of the resulting recommendations depends on the rigorous use of the Delphi technique, there is a need for consistency and quality both in the conduct and reporting of studies. To allow a critical appraisal of the methodology and the resulting guidance, a reporting standard for Conducting and REporting of DElphi Studies (CREDES) is proposed

Инновационные технологии и системы для защиты окружающей среды от воздействия энергетики

В статье исследованы способы снижения негативного воздействия энергетики на окружающую природную среду с использованием инновационных технологий и систем. Рассмотрены разработанные инновационные технологии мира, представленные на "EXPO-2017 Future Energy".The article explores ways to reduce the negative impact of energy on the environment using innovative technologies and systems. Developed innovative technologies of the world presented at "EXPO-2017 Future Energy" are considered

Evolution of the zirconium alloy Zr-1Nb defect structure after cold rolling

Zirconium alloys are actively used in nuclear power engineering. During the operation of these alloys, it is necessary to know the change in structural, mechanical and physical characteristics when using material in corrosive environments. In this regard, it is necessary to study the occurrence of certain defects in the material and their effect. Such defects include dislocations. This study is aimed to study the processes of the appearance and distribution of dislocations in a material by positron annihilation spectroscopy. As a result of this work, the lifetime of positrons in the dislocation of zirconium was determined and the character of dislocation distribution at different degrees of deformation was presented

Расчетная оценка дозовых характеристик в системе хранения ОЯТ

Объектом исследования является отработавшее ядерное топливо реактора РБМК третьего поколения с глубиной выгорания 35 ГВт·сут/(тU). Цель работы – определение радиационной безопасности при хранении в ТУК-109 отработавшего ядерного топлива третьего поколения, а также получение информации о составе и характеристиках наведенной и накопленной в ТУК радиоактивности за период эксплуатации. В результате исследования были получены значения нейтронного потока во всём объеме ТУК при загрузке в него ОЯТ с глубиной выгорания 35 ГВт·сут/(тU), а также получена мощность экспозиционной дозы, формируемая источниками фотонного излучения в различных зонах конструкции контейнера через 2 и 10 лет после снятия его с эксплуатации хранения ОЯТ.The object of study is spent nuclear reactor fuel is a third-generation RBMK with burnup of 35 GW · d / (tU). Objective - definition of radiation safety during storage of spent nuclear fuel of the third generation of TUK-109, as well as obtain information about the composition and characteristics of the induced and accumulated in TUK radioactivity during the operation period. As a result of the study were obtained values ​​of the neutron flux in the entire volume of the TUK when loading it SNF burnup of 35 GW · d / (tU), and the obtained exposure dose rate generated by the source of photon radiation in different regions of the container structure after 2 and 10 years after its removal from the spent nuclear fuel storage operation

Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain

Background: Pain is a common symptom in people with cancer; 30% to 50% of people with cancer will experience moderate‐to‐severe pain. This can have a major negative impact on their quality of life. Opioid (morphine‐like) medications are commonly used to treat moderate or severe cancer pain, and are recommended for this purpose in the World Health Organization (WHO) pain treatment ladder. Pain is not sufficiently relieved by opioid medications in 10% to 15% of people with cancer. In people with insufficient relief of cancer pain, new analgesics are needed to effectively and safely supplement or replace opioids.Objectives: To evaluate the benefits and harms of cannabis‐based medicines, including medical cannabis, for treating pain and other symptoms in adults with cancer compared to placebo or any other established analgesic for cancer pain.Search methods: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 26 January 2023.Selection criteria: We selected double‐blind randomised, controlled trials (RCT) of medical cannabis, plant‐derived and synthetic cannabis‐based medicines against placebo or any other active treatment for cancer pain in adults, with any treatment duration and at least 10 participants per treatment arm.Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods. The primary outcomes were 1. proportions of participants reporting no worse than mild pain; 2. Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) of much improved or very much improved and 3. withdrawals due to adverse events. Secondary outcomes were 4. number of participants who reported pain relief of 30% or greater and overall opioid use reduced or stable; 5. number of participants who reported pain relief of 30% or greater, or 50% or greater; 6. pain intensity; 7. sleep problems; 8. depression and anxiety; 9. daily maintenance and breakthrough opioid dosage; 10. dropouts due to lack of efficacy; 11. all central nervous system adverse events. We used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence for each outcome.Main results: We identified 14 studies involving 1823 participants. No study assessed the proportions of participants reporting no worse than mild pain on treatment by 14 days after start of treatment.We found five RCTs assessing oromucosal nabiximols (tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)) or THC alone involving 1539 participants with moderate or severe pain despite opioid therapy. The double‐blind periods of the RCTs ranged between two and five weeks. Four studies with a parallel design and 1333 participants were available for meta‐analysis.There was moderate‐certainty evidence that there was no clinically relevant benefit for proportions of PGIC much or very much improved (risk difference (RD) 0.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01 to 0.12; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 16, 95% CI 8 to 100). There was moderate‐certainty evidence for no clinically relevant difference in the proportion of withdrawals due to adverse events (RD 0.04, 95% CI 0 to 0.08; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) 25, 95% CI 16 to endless). There was moderate‐certainty evidence for no difference between nabiximols or THC and placebo in the frequency of serious adverse events (RD 0.02, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.07). There was moderate‐certainty evidence that nabiximols and THC used as add‐on treatment for opioid‐refractory cancer pain did not differ from placebo in reducing mean pain intensity (standardised mean difference (SMD) −0.19, 95% CI −0.40 to 0.02).There was low‐certainty evidence that a synthetic THC analogue (nabilone) delivered over eight weeks was not superior to placebo in reducing pain associated with chemotherapy or radiochemotherapy in people with head and neck cancer and non‐small cell lung cancer (2 studies, 89 participants, qualitative analysis). Analyses of tolerability and safety were not possible for these studies.There was low‐certainty evidence that synthetic THC analogues were superior to placebo (SMD −0.98, 95% CI −1.36 to −0.60), but not superior to low‐dose codeine (SMD 0.03, 95% CI −0.25 to 0.32; 5 single‐dose trials; 126 participants) in reducing moderate‐to‐severe cancer pain after cessation of previous analgesic treatment for three to four and a half hours (2 single‐dose trials; 66 participants). Analyses of tolerability and safety were not possible for these studies.There was low‐certainty evidence that CBD oil did not add value to specialist palliative care alone in the reduction of pain intensity in people with advanced cancer. There was no difference in the number of dropouts due to adverse events and serious adverse events (1 study, 144 participants, qualitative analysis).We found no studies using herbal cannabis.Authors' conclusions: There is moderate‐certainty evidence that oromucosal nabiximols and THC are ineffective in relieving moderate‐to‐severe opioid‐refractory cancer pain. There is low‐certainty evidence that nabilone is ineffective in reducing pain associated with (radio‐) chemotherapy in people with head and neck cancer and non‐small cell lung cancer. There is low‐certainty evidence that a single dose of synthetic THC analogues is not superior to a single low‐dose morphine equivalent in reducing moderate‐to‐severe cancer pain. There is low‐certainty evidence that CBD does not add value to specialist palliative care alone in the reduction of pain in people with advanced cancer

Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain

Background: Pain is a common symptom in people with cancer; 30% to 50% of people with cancer will experience moderate‐to‐severe pain. This can have a major negative impact on their quality of life. Opioid (morphine‐like) medications are commonly used to treat moderate or severe cancer pain, and are recommended for this purpose in the World Health Organization (WHO) pain treatment ladder. Pain is not sufficiently relieved by opioid medications in 10% to 15% of people with cancer. In people with insufficient relief of cancer pain, new analgesics are needed to effectively and safely supplement or replace opioids.Objectives: To evaluate the benefits and harms of cannabis‐based medicines, including medical cannabis, for treating pain and other symptoms in adults with cancer compared to placebo or any other established analgesic for cancer pain.Search methods: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 26 January 2023.Selection criteria: We selected double‐blind randomised, controlled trials (RCT) of medical cannabis, plant‐derived and synthetic cannabis‐based medicines against placebo or any other active treatment for cancer pain in adults, with any treatment duration and at least 10 participants per treatment arm.Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods. The primary outcomes were 1. proportions of participants reporting no worse than mild pain; 2. Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) of much improved or very much improved and 3. withdrawals due to adverse events. Secondary outcomes were 4. number of participants who reported pain relief of 30% or greater and overall opioid use reduced or stable; 5. number of participants who reported pain relief of 30% or greater, or 50% or greater; 6. pain intensity; 7. sleep problems; 8. depression and anxiety; 9. daily maintenance and breakthrough opioid dosage; 10. dropouts due to lack of efficacy; 11. all central nervous system adverse events. We used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence for each outcome.Main results: We identified 14 studies involving 1823 participants. No study assessed the proportions of participants reporting no worse than mild pain on treatment by 14 days after start of treatment.We found five RCTs assessing oromucosal nabiximols (tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)) or THC alone involving 1539 participants with moderate or severe pain despite opioid therapy. The double‐blind periods of the RCTs ranged between two and five weeks. Four studies with a parallel design and 1333 participants were available for meta‐analysis.There was moderate‐certainty evidence that there was no clinically relevant benefit for proportions of PGIC much or very much improved (risk difference (RD) 0.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01 to 0.12; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 16, 95% CI 8 to 100). There was moderate‐certainty evidence for no clinically relevant difference in the proportion of withdrawals due to adverse events (RD 0.04, 95% CI 0 to 0.08; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) 25, 95% CI 16 to endless). There was moderate‐certainty evidence for no difference between nabiximols or THC and placebo in the frequency of serious adverse events (RD 0.02, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.07). There was moderate‐certainty evidence that nabiximols and THC used as add‐on treatment for opioid‐refractory cancer pain did not differ from placebo in reducing mean pain intensity (standardised mean difference (SMD) −0.19, 95% CI −0.40 to 0.02).There was low‐certainty evidence that a synthetic THC analogue (nabilone) delivered over eight weeks was not superior to placebo in reducing pain associated with chemotherapy or radiochemotherapy in people with head and neck cancer and non‐small cell lung cancer (2 studies, 89 participants, qualitative analysis). Analyses of tolerability and safety were not possible for these studies.There was low‐certainty evidence that synthetic THC analogues were superior to placebo (SMD −0.98, 95% CI −1.36 to −0.60), but not superior to low‐dose codeine (SMD 0.03, 95% CI −0.25 to 0.32; 5 single‐dose trials; 126 participants) in reducing moderate‐to‐severe cancer pain after cessation of previous analgesic treatment for three to four and a half hours (2 single‐dose trials; 66 participants). Analyses of tolerability and safety were not possible for these studies.There was low‐certainty evidence that CBD oil did not add value to specialist palliative care alone in the reduction of pain intensity in people with advanced cancer. There was no difference in the number of dropouts due to adverse events and serious adverse events (1 study, 144 participants, qualitative analysis).We found no studies using herbal cannabis.Authors' conclusions: There is moderate‐certainty evidence that oromucosal nabiximols and THC are ineffective in relieving moderate‐to‐severe opioid‐refractory cancer pain. There is low‐certainty evidence that nabilone is ineffective in reducing pain associated with (radio‐) chemotherapy in people with head and neck cancer and non‐small cell lung cancer. There is low‐certainty evidence that a single dose of synthetic THC analogues is not superior to a single low‐dose morphine equivalent in reducing moderate‐to‐severe cancer pain. There is low‐certainty evidence that CBD does not add value to specialist palliative care alone in the reduction of pain in people with advanced cancer