364 research outputs found
Solar Interior Rotation and its Variation
This article surveys the development of observational understanding of the
interior rotation of the Sun and its temporal variation over approximately
forty years, starting with the 1960s attempts to determine the solar core
rotation from oblateness and proceeding through the development of
helioseismology to the detailed modern picture of the internal rotation deduced
from continuous helioseismic observations during solar cycle 23. After
introducing some basic helioseismic concepts, it covers, in turn, the rotation
of the core and radiative interior, the "tachocline" shear layer at the base of
the convection zone, the differential rotation in the convection zone, the
near-surface shear, the pattern of migrating zonal flows known as the torsional
oscillation, and the possible temporal variations at the bottom of the
convection zone. For each area, the article also briefly explores the
relationship between observations and models.Comment: 91 pages, 32 figures: Accepted by Living Reviews in Solar Physics
10th Feb 2009 Published version http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2009-1
(Updated to reflect publication info and improve fig 27
Fulfilling Lives: Supporting people with multiple needs, Evaluation Report, Year 1
This report is prepared for the Big Lottery Fund (the Fund) by the national evaluationteam and provides emerging findings and lessons learned from the first year of thenational evaluation of the Fulfilling Lives: Supporting people with multiple needsinitiative hereafter referred to as Fulfilling Lives (multiple needs).The national evaluation has been designed to determine the degree to which the initiativeis successfully achieving its aims and how they are being achieved. The evaluation will beboth formative and summative in nature, in that, it will inform the ongoing design and delivery of Fulfilling Lives (multiple needs) and its component projects as well as assessoverall achievements and value for money to inform future decision and policy making.Within this context, the evaluation has a number of objectives:â To track and assess the achievements of the initiative and to estimate the extent to whichthese are attributable to the projects and interventions delivered.â To calculate the costs of the projects and the corresponding value of benefits to theexchequer and wider society. This will enable an assessment of value for money of theprogramme and for individual interventions.â To identify what interventions and approaches work well, for which people, families andcommunities and in which circumstances and contexts.â To assess the extent to which the Big Lottery Fund's principles are incorporated into projectdesign and delivery and to determine the degree to which these principles affect successfuldelivery and outcomes.â To explore project implementation, understand problems faced and to facilitate theidentification of solutions and lessons learned
Ice XI: The ordered form of ICE Ih
The history of the development of the understanding of the statistical arrangement of hydrogen bonds in ice Ih and the discovery of the transition at 72 K to the ordered phase, ice XI, catalysed by alkali hydroxide doping, is reviewed. Possible ordered arrangements of hydrogen bonds are discussed and enumerated. A theory is presented relating the entropy and permittivity of partially ordered ice to the degree of order. The apparatus developed for dielectric experiments on KOH-doped ice is described. The results of such measurements for polycrystalline specimens and one single crystal are presented. Measurements above the transition reveal that the main charge carriers are OH ions, with a temperature-independent mobility of approximately 10 m v s. The transformation to the ordered phase starts when the sample is cooled below about 65 K, and once started can be speeded up by heating the sample to 67-70 K: the static permittivity and the a.c. conductivity slowly decrease. Neutron powder diffraction experiments were performed on HRDP at ISIS. After one unsuccessful experiment, dielectric measurements on powder samples showed the importance of excluding CO during preparation. In a second experiment the structure of ice XI was confirmed and the lattice parameters determined for the first time
Spatial incoherence of solar granulation: a global analysis using BiSON 2B data
A poor understanding of the impact of convective turbulence in the outer
layers of the Sun and Sun-like stars challenges the advance towards an improved
understanding of their internal structure and dynamics. Assessing and
calibrating these effects is therefore of great importance. Here we study the
spatial coherence of granulation noise and oscillation modes in the Sun, with
the aim of exploiting any incoherence to beat-down observed granulation noise,
hence improving the detection of low-frequency p-modes. Using data from the
BiSON 2B instrument, we assess the coherence between different atmospheric
heights and between different surface regions. We find that granulation noise
from the different atmospheric heights probed is largely incoherent; frequency
regions dominated by oscillations are almost fully coherent. We find a
randomised phase difference for the granulation noise, and a near zero
difference for the evanescent oscillations. A reduction of the incoherent
granulation noise is shown by application of the cross-spectrum.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, MNRAS in pres
False memories, but not false beliefs, affect implicit attitudes for food preferences
Previous studies have found that false memories and false beliefs of childhood experiences can have attitudinal consequences. Previous studies have, however, focused exclusively on explicit attitude measures without exploring whether implicit attitudes are similarly affected. Using a false feedback/imagination inflation paradigm, false memories and beliefs of enjoying a certain food as a child were elicited in participants, and their effects were assessed using both explicit attitude measures (self-report questionnaires) and implicit measures (a Single-Target Implicit Association Test). Positive changes in explicit attitudes were observed both in participants with false memories and participants with false beliefs. In contrast, only participants with false memories exhibited more positive implicit attitudes. The findings are discussed in terms of theories of explicit and implicit attitudes
Solar Cycle Observations
We describe the defining observations of the solar cycle that provide
constraints for the dynamo processes operating within the Sun. Specifically, we
report on the following topics: historical sunspot numbers and revisions;
active region (AR) flux ranges and lifetimes; bipolar magnetic region tilt
angles; Hale and Joy's law; the impact of rogue ARs on cycle progression and
the amplitude of the following cycle; the spatio-temporal emergence of ARs that
creates the butterfly diagram; polar fields; large-scale flows including zonal,
meridional, and AR in-flows; short-term cycle variability; and helioseismic
results including mode parameter changes.Comment: 39 pages, 11 figures, ISSI workshop on Solar and Stellar Dynamos
(June 2022). Submitted to Space Science Reviews, May 2023. This is the
revised version accepted September 202
China\u27s New Anti-Monopoly Law: A Perspective from the United States
In August 2007, China enacted an Anti-Monopoly Law, becoming one of roughly ninety nations to establish a comprehensive regulatory regime governing competition. Since the advent of Chinaâs economic reform program beginning three decades ago, China has been moving to integrate its economy within the global trading system. This article provides an overview of Chinaâs Anti-Monopoly Law (âAMLâ) emphasizing key areas of significant apparent divergence from U.S. antitrust policy. The article addresses the evolution of anti-monopoly policy in China and the United States, observing that, where differences exist, Chinaâs AML frequently reflects principles similar to those once embedded in U.S. antitrust policy, but which have been abandoned or modified by U.S. policymakers and courts in a sustained process of policymaking through trial and error. The article also examines specific areas of divergence between the AML and U.S. antitrust policy, describing how past U.S. policies, which find parallels in the AML, were modified or abandoned over time. Finally, the article concludes that in enacting the AML, Chinese policymakers aim to promote economic growth and innovation. It also expresses the hope that the U.S. experience, which was driven by the need to increase its own economic dynamism, may serve as an abiding point of reference to Chinaâs policymakers
Misleading variations in estimated rotational frequency splittings of solar p modes: Consequences for helio- and asteroseismology
The aim of this paper is to investigate whether there are any 11-yr or
quasi-biennial solar cycle-related variations in solar rotational splitting
frequencies of low-degree solar p modes. Although no 11-yr signals were
observed, variations on a shorter timescale (~2yrs) were apparent. We show that
the variations arose from complications/artifacts associated with the
realization noise in the data and the process by which the data were analyzed.
More specifically, the realization noise was observed to have a larger effect
on the rotational splittings than accounted for by the formal uncertainties.
When used to infer the rotation profile of the Sun these variations are not
important. The outer regions of the solar interior can be constrained using
higher-degree modes. While the variations in the low-l splittings do make large
differences to the inferred rotation rate of the core, the core rotation rate
is so poorly constrained, even by low-l modes, that the different inferred
rotation profiles still agree within their respective 1sigma uncertainties. By
contrast, in asteroseismology, only low-l modes are visible and so higher-l
modes cannot be used to constrain the rotation profile of stars. Furthermore,
we usually only have one data set from which to measure the observed low-l
splitting. In such circumstances the inferred internal rotation rate of a main
sequence star could differ significantly from estimates of the surface rotation
rate, hence leading to spurious conclusions. Therefore, extreme care must be
taken when using only the splittings of low-l modes to draw conclusions about
the average internal rotation rate of a star.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
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