A 16-year-old with borderline mucinous tumor of the left ovary

Incidence of ovarian malignancy in children and adolescents is 1 to 1.5% with non-epithelial tumors being the most common type. Ovarian mucinous tumors commonly seen in third to sixth decade, are rarely seen in adolescents. Timely diagnosis and management are important to save patient’s life and fertility. We are presenting an interesting case of a 16-year-old girl with atypical borderline mucinous ovarian tumor.

Expeditious synthesis of isolated Steroids-Fluorine prodrugs, their single crystal X-ray crystallography, DFT studies and mathematical modeling

In the present research article, we have synthesized novel steroidal-fluorine prodrugs using cholesterol (1), stigmasterol (4) and hydrocortisone acetate (7) isolated from the flowers of Allamanda violacea. These isolated compounds were converted into their fluorinated prodrugs Cholest-5-en-3β-yl-2-fluoro-benzoate (2), Cholest-5-en-3β-yl-4-fluoro-benzoate (3), 24α-ethylcholest-5, 22E-dien-3β-yl-2-fluoro benzoate (5), 24α-ethylcholest-5, 22E-dien-3β-yl-4-fluoro benzoate (6), 11, 17-dihydroxy-21-(2-fluoro benzoyloxy)-pregn-4-en-3, 20-dione (8) and 11, 17-dihydroxy-21-(4-fluoro benzoyloxy)-pregn-4-en-3, 20-dione (9). We also synthesized fluorinated prodrugs 25R-spirost-5-en-3β-yl-2-fluoro-benzoate (11) and 25R-spirost-5-en-3β-yl-4-fluoro-benzoate (12) from diosgenin (10) a steroidal sapogenin. The structure and stereochemistry of 25R-spirost-5-en-3β-yl-4-fluoro-benzoate (12) was confirmed with help of single crystal X-ray crystallography. The characterization of compounds have been carried out with the help of 1H, 13C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Density functional theory (DFT) with 6-31G (d, p) basis set and B3LYP functional has been used for the Quantum chemical calculations. Global reactivity descriptors have also been calculated to find the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of a molecule. Dipole moment, polarizability and first static hyperpolarizability have been calculated to get NLO properties of synthesized prodrugs. Lastly a nonlinear mathematical model has been proposed and analyzed to study the effect of catalysts on these reactions. Local and global stability analysis of the mathematical model along with the persistence of the system was checked using theory of nonlinear ordinary differential equations

A Survey on Various Multipath Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

AbstractThere has been a huge development in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the recent years. The development is mainly due to the availability of small size sensor cameras and microphones. Such devices capture the multimedia data from the environment and effectively transmit them. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WSMN) is also the current topic of discussion due to its application in various fields. In order to improve the channel utilization rate, reduce transmission delay and balance the transmission load in WMSN multipath routing is a promising solution. Multipath routing helps to transfer data simultaneously thus by reducing delay and congestion in WMSN. In this paper, various protocols and schemes are being discussed on multipath routing strategy which will identify the areas of further development for WMSN

Cognitive dysfunction and disability in people living with schizophrenia

Background: Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Cognitive impairment is a central and enduring feature of schizophrenia and is associated with disability. It has a devastating consequence on the individuals, families, and the society. Our aim was to assess cognitive functioning, disability, and their association with sociodemographic and illness-related variables. Methodology: In an outpatient department of psychiatry, 82 adult patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were recruited. Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS) were used to assess cognitive function, psychopathology, and disability respectively. Socio-demographic and illness-related details were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using STATA version 16.0 using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Approximately 93.9% of patients had at least one cognitive symptom even though not severe. The status of being married was associated with better cognitive outcome. No other socio-demographic factor was associated with cognitive dysfunction. Negative symptoms and general psychopathology scores of PANSS were positively correlated with SCoRS scores and IDEAS score. Cognitive dysfunction and disability were significantly associated suggesting higher the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia greater is the likelihood of patient experiencing disability. Conclusion: Cognitive deficits are commonly seen in patients with schizophrenia and are associated with disability. Therefore, treatment programs of schizophrenia should have a component to address these deficits using evidence-based cognitive remediation therapies. Family Physicians caring for those with schizophrenia should factor the cognitive deficits and simplify dosage regime and engage caregivers for supervision

A School Health Project Can Uplift the Health Status of School Children in Nepal.

School health is effective in helping students achieve health literacy, enhance their health-related behaviors, and thereby improve their health status. However, in resource-limited countries, evidence is limited to show the impact of school health. We determined the association of the school health and nutrition (SHN) project activities on students' a) health knowledge, b) hygiene practices, and c) health outcomes, one year after the project completion.This is a cross-sectional study conducted among the schools with the SHN project and without the project in four districts of Nepal. We recruited 604 students from six schools in the project group and 648 students from other six schools in the comparison group. We used a self-administered questionnaire to collect the data, and analyzed them using regression models and a structural equation model (SEM).Students from the SHN project group reported the decreased odds of worm infestation (AOR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.75) and diarrhea/ dysentery infection (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.97) compared to those in the comparison group. Furthermore, the SEM analysis also showed that the students in the project group were more likely to have better health outcomes (β = 0.03, p< 0.05).Students in the SHN project group were more likely to have better health outcomes compared to those in the comparison group, even after one year of the project completion. As it can bring about sustainable changes for students, it should be scaled up in other parts of the country

Expeditious synthesis of isolated steroids-fluorine prodrugs, their single crystal X-ray crystallography, DFT studies and mathematical modeling

831-841In the present research article, we have synthesized novel steroidal-fluorine prodrugs using cholesterol (1), stigmasterol (4) and hydrocortisone acetate (7) isolated from the flowers of Allamanda violacea. These isolated compounds were converted into their fluorinated prodrugs Cholest-5-en-3β-yl-2-fluoro-benzoate (2), Cholest-5-en-3β-yl- 4-fluoro-benzoate (3), 24α-ethylcholest-5, 22E-dien-3β-yl-2-fluoro benzoate (5), 24α-ethylcholest-5, 22E-dien-3β-yl-4- fluoro benzoate (6), 11, 17-dihydroxy-21-(2-fluoro benzoyloxy)-pregn-4-en-3, 20-dione (8) and 11, 17-dihydroxy-21- (4-fluoro benzoyloxy)-pregn-4-en-3, 20-dione (9). We also synthesized fluorinated prodrugs 25R-spirost-5-en-3β-yl-2- fluoro-benzoate (11) and 25R-spirost-5-en-3β-yl-4-fluoro-benzoate (12) from diosgenin (10) a steroidal sapogenin. The structure and stereochemistry of 25R-spirost-5-en-3β-yl-4-fluoro-benzoate (12) was confirmed with help of single crystal X-ray crystallography. The characterizations of compounds have been carried out with the help of 1H, 13C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Density functional theory (DFT) with 6-31G (d, p) basis set and B3LYP functional has been used for the quantum chemical calculations. Global reactivity descriptors have also been calculated to find the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of a molecule. Dipole moment, polarizability and first static hyperpolarizability have been calculated to get NLO properties of synthesized prodrugs. Lastly a nonlinear mathematical model has been proposed and analyzed to study the effect of catalysts on these reactions. Local and global stability analysis of the mathematical model along with the persistence of the system is checked using theory of nonlinear ordinary differential equations

SEM showing direct, indirect and total effect of the SHN project.

<p>SEM showing direct, indirect and total effect of the SHN project.</p

SHN activities in the schools (N = 1,247).

<p>SHN activities in the schools (N = 1,247).</p