Investigation of angular distribution on copper ions using faraday cup technique

A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm delivering pulse energy of 125 mJ and pulse duration of 8 ns was employed as a source of energy to generate plasma. The laser was focused on copper as a target material. The angular distribution of ejected ions species were collected by a developed Faraday cup. The cups were arranged radialy at the range of angles from 5o to 90o with two radiuses of 5 cm and 10 cm. The cups were coupled to high speed oscilloscope to display and measure the ion flux and charge state. The exposed Faraday cup was also studied by metallurgical technique. The results obtained show that the maximum flux of copper ion collected by Faraday cup was 11.7 x 1016 charge /sec. The maximum number of charge state was Cu+4 at 5 cm and Cu+3 at 10 cm. In general the angular distribution of ions flux is maximum in axial direction and decreases in radial direction. Various elements are found deposited on Faraday cup with majority lines of copper cluste

Study of dynamics of glass plasma induced by Nd:YAG laser in external magnetic field

A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 8 ns) is focused on glass target to generate plasma in the presence of external magnetic field in air. The variable transverse magnetic field is applied by an assembly of electromagnetic poles to create uniform magnetic field in the range of 0.1 to 0.8 T. In the absence of external magnetic field the plasma plume expands almost spherical, perpendicular to the target surface. In the presence of transverse external magnetic field there is an increase in radial expansion and plume confines in a certain region within magnetic field. The dynamics of glass plasma is investigated by capturing plume images by charged-coupled device CCD video camera. The images are captured for different values of applied magnetic field strength. The irradiated glass material is collected on aluminum substrate and surface morphology is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

The OIV 1407.3\AA /1401.1\AA\ emission-line ratio in a plasma

Line ratio of O IV 1407.3 \AA/1401.1 \AA\- is calculated using mostly our own atomic and collisional data. Energy levels and oscillator strengths needed for this calculation have been calculated using a Hartree-Fock relativistic (HFR) approach. The electron collision strengths introduced in the statistic equilibrium equations are fitted by polynomials for different energies. Comparison has also been made with available theoretical results. The provided line ratio has been obtained for a set of electron densities from $10^{8}$ cm$^{-3}$ to $10^{13}$ cm$^{-3}$ and for a fixed temperature of 50 000 K.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Advances in Space Researc

Nanomaterials for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections

The diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain challenging due to the lack of convenient assessment techniques and to the resistance to conventional antimicrobial therapy, showing the need for novel approaches to address such problems. In this regard, nanotechnology has a strong potential for both the diagnosis and therapy of UTIs via controlled delivery of antimicrobials upon stable, effective and sustained drug release. On one side, nanoscience allowed the production of various nanomaterial-based evaluation tools as precise, effective, and rapid procedures for the identification of UTIs. On the other side, nanotechnology brought tremendous breakthroughs for the treatment of UTIs based on the use of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) for instance, owing to the antimicrobial properties of metals, or of surface-tailored nanocarriers, allowing to overcome multidrug-resistance and prevent biofilm formation via targeted drug delivery to desired sites of action and preventing the development of cytotoxic processes in healthy cells. The goal of the current study is therefore to present the newest developments for the diagnosis and treatment of UTIs based on nanotechnology procedures in relation to the currently available techniques

Spectroscopic estimation of electron temperature and density of zinc plasma open air induced by Nd:YAG laser

The spectroscopic emission of zinc plasma along with CCD imaging profile has been studied. The zinc target has been irradiated with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 290 mJ, 10 ns, 29 MW) in air at atmospheric pressure. The plasma emission is recorded with 100 ns integration time. Boltzmann plot method and Stark broadening profile of the transition line has been used to estimate the electron temperature (Te) and electron density (Ne) respectively. Estimated values of Te and Ne is in the range of (5700–6756) K and (1.6 × 1015-3.39 × 1015) cm-3 at three laser shots respectively

Graphite thin film deposition using laser induced plasma

The Excimer KrF laser (of wave length 248 nm, pulse energy of 13-50 mJ and pulse width of 20 ns) has been used to ablate graphite solid target. Thin films of graphite material have been grown on silicon (Si) substrate at different temperatures (25°C & 300°C). The techniques x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy has been used to study the structure and surface morphology of the deposited thin films. The whole experiment has been performed in the stainless steel chamber under pressure 10-4 torr and each thin film has been deposited for 10,000 laser shots. The graphite thin film deposited at higher substrate temperature has smooth structure and the film is uniform

Diagnose and investigation of angular distribution of copper plasma ions

A q-switched nd:yag laser with fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm delivering pulse energy of 125 mj and pulse duration of 8 ns was employed as a source of energy to generate plasma. The laser was focused on copper as a target material. The angular distribution of ejected ions species were collected by a developed faraday cup. The cups were arranged radialy at the range of angles from 5o to 90o with two radiuses of 5 cm and 10 cm. The cups were coupled to high speed oscilloscope to display and measure the ion flux and charge state. The exposed faraday cup was also studied by metallurgical technique. The results obtained show that the maximum flux of copper ion collected by faraday cup was 11.7 x 1016 charge /sec. The maximum number of charge state was cu+4 at 5 cm and cu+3 at 10 cm. In general the angular distribution of ions flux is maximum in axial direction and decreases in radial direction. The temperature and density of copper is measured with electronic probe. Various elements are found deposited on faraday cup with majority lines of copper cluste

Effect of gamma radiation on morphological & optical properties of ZnO nanopowder

Gamma radiation is the most energetic, highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation with extremely high frequency. In this light, the influence of gamma irradiation on the morphological and the optical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder is investigated for different applications. In particular, the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder is prepared by the homogenous precipitation method with the post-oxidation annealing taking place in air atmosphere. The optical properties of the ZnO nanopowder are observed using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used for surface analysis. Samples are irradiated using a Co60 gamma source with high and low dose. The energy band gap of ZnO nanopowder is calculated before and after gamma radiation. Keywords: ZnO nanopowder, Gamma radiation, Energy bandgap, SEM, Optical propertie