17 research outputs found
Religions, Poverty Reduction and Global Development Institutions
Religious traditions have always played a central role in supporting those experiencing poverty, through service delivery as well as the provision of spiritual resources that provide mechanisms for resilience at both the individual and community level. However, the fact that religions can be seen to support social structures and practices that contribute towards inequality and conflict, also underscores a role for religious traditions in creating conditions of poverty. While the Western-led modern global development institutions that have emerged since the Second World War have tended to be secular in nature, over the past decade or so there has been an apparent âturn to religionâ by these global development institutions, as well as in academic development studies. This reflects the realization that modernization and secularization do not necessarily go together, and that religious values and faith actors are important determinants in the drive to reduce poverty, as well as in structures and practices that underpin it. This paper traces three phases of engagement between religions and global development institutions. In phase one, the âpre-secularâ or the âintegrated phaseâ seen during the colonial era, religion and poverty reduction were intimately entwined, with the contemporary global development project being a legacy of this. The second phase is the âsecularâ or the âfragmentedâ phase, and relates to the era of the global development industry, which is founded on the normative secularist position that modernization will and indeed should lead to secularization. The third phase is characterized by the âturn to religionâ from the early 2000s. Drawing the three phases together and reflecting on the nature of the dynamics within the third phase, the âturn to religionâ, this paper is underpinned by two main questions. First, what does this mean for the apparent processes of secularization? Is this evidence that they are being reversed and that we are witnessing the emergence of the âdesecularization of developmentâ or of a âpost-secular development praxisâ? Second, to what extent are FBOs working in development to be defined as neo-liberalismâs âlittle platoonsââshaped by and instrumentalized to the service of secular neo-liberal social, political and economic systems, or do we need to develop a more sophisticated account that can contribute towards better policy and practice around poverty reduction
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CHAPTER 8: Aromatic Molecules on Metallic Surfaces: Structure and Reactivity
In this chapter, a decade-long series of investigations about aromatic molecules on metallic surfaces has been reviewed. The most relevant studies regarding both structural investigation and chemical reactivity of aromatic systems on a metallic surface are described. A major emphasis has been placed on the investigation techniques that allow for a direct visualization of the structural and electronic properties of both isolated and extended aromatic systems on a surface (e.g. scanning tunnelling microscopy, non-contact-atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy). The synthesis, imaging and characterization of structures such as an extended polyaromatic hydrocarbon, 1-D assembly, 2-D network and graphene nanoribbons are discussed. Among the different types of reactions, surface mediated reactions, such as acetylene homocoupling, cyclodehydrogenation, cycloaddition and metal-coordination, have been described
Evenâodd conductance effect in graphene nanoribbons induced by edge functionalization with aromatic molecules: basis for novel chemosensors
Synthesis of chloroesters by the reaction of ethers with acyl chlorides catalyzed by ZnO
Boron-Doped Graphene/ZnO Nanoflower Heterojunction Composite with Superior Photocatalytic Activity
Bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons on surfaces
The review discusses progress in the synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons from molecularly defined precursors on surfaces. It covers the literature from 2010 through 2016