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Survival and growth patterns of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) rangewide provenances and their implications for climate change adaptation
Intraspecific assisted migration (ISAM) through seed transfer during artificial forest regeneration has been suggested as an adaptation strategy to enhance forest resilience and productivity under future climate. In this study, we assessed the risks and benefits of ISAM in white spruce based on long-term and multilocation, rangewide provenance test data. Our results indicate that the adaptive capacity and growth potential of white spruce varied considerably among 245 range-wide provenances sampled across North America; however, the results revealed that local populations could be outperformed by nonlocal ones. Provenances originating from south-central Ontario and southwestern Québec, Canada, close to the southern edge of the species' natural distribution, demonstrated superior growth in more northerly environments compared with local populations and performed much better than populations from western Canada and Alaska, United States. During the 19–28 years between planting and measurement, the southern provenances have not been more susceptible to freezing damage compared with local populations, indicating they have the potential to be used now for the reforestation of more northerly planting sites; based on changing temperature, these seed sources potentially could maintain or increase white spruce productivity at or above historical levels at northern sites. A universal response function (URF), which uses climatic variables to predict provenance performance across field trials, indicated a relatively weak relationship between provenance performance and the climate at provenance origin. Consequently, the URF from this study did not provide information useful to ISAM. The ecological and economic importance of conserving white spruce genetic resources in south-central Ontario and southwestern Québec for use in ISAM is discussed.Keywords: local adaptation, genetic gain, geographic genetic variation, genetic conservation, universal response function, assisted migratio
Diagnosis and management of adhesive capsulitis
Adhesive capsulitis is a musculoskeletal condition that has a disabling capability. This review discusses the diagnosis and both operative and nonoperative management of this shoulder condition that causes significant morbidity. Issues related to medications, rehabilitation, and post surgical considerations are discussed
Development and validation of a weather-based model for predicting infection of loquat fruit by Fusicladium eriobotryae
A mechanistic, dynamic model was developed to predict infection of loquat fruit by conidia of Fusicladium eriobotryae, the
causal agent of loquat scab. The model simulates scab infection periods and their severity through the sub-processes of
spore dispersal, infection, and latency (i.e., the state variables); change from one state to the following one depends on
environmental conditions and on processes described by mathematical equations. Equations were developed using
published data on F. eriobotryae mycelium growth, conidial germination, infection, and conidial dispersion pattern. The
model was then validated by comparing model output with three independent data sets. The model accurately predicts the
occurrence and severity of infection periods as well as the progress of loquat scab incidence on fruit (with concordance
correlation coefficients .0.95). Model output agreed with expert assessment of the disease severity in seven loquatgrowing
seasons. Use of the model for scheduling fungicide applications in loquat orchards may help optimise scab
management and reduce fungicide applications.This work was funded by Cooperativa Agricola de Callosa d'En Sarria (Alicante, Spain). Three months' stay of E. Gonzalez-Dominguez at the Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Piacenza, Italy) was supported by the Programa de Apoyo a la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID-00-12) de la Universidad Politecnica de Valencia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.González Domínguez, E.; Armengol Fortí, J.; Rossi, V. (2014). Development and validation of a weather-based model for predicting infection of loquat fruit by Fusicladium eriobotryae. PLoS ONE. 9(9):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107547S11299Sánchez-Torres, P., Hinarejos, R., & Tuset, J. J. (2009). Characterization and Pathogenicity ofFusicladium eriobotryae, the Fungal Pathogen Responsible for Loquat Scab. Plant Disease, 93(11), 1151-1157. doi:10.1094/pdis-93-11-1151Gladieux, P., Caffier, V., Devaux, M., & Le Cam, B. (2010). Host-specific differentiation among populations of Venturia inaequalis causing scab on apple, pyracantha and loquat. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 47(6), 511-521. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2009.12.007González-Domínguez, E., Rossi, V., Armengol, J., & García-Jiménez, J. (2013). Effect of Environmental Factors on Mycelial Growth and Conidial Germination ofFusicladium eriobotryae, and the Infection of Loquat Leaves. Plant Disease, 97(10), 1331-1338. doi:10.1094/pdis-02-13-0131-reGonzález-Domínguez, E., Rossi, V., Michereff, S. J., García-Jiménez, J., & Armengol, J. (2014). Dispersal of conidia of Fusicladium eriobotryae and spatial patterns of scab in loquat orchards in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 139(4), 849-861. doi:10.1007/s10658-014-0439-0Becker, C. M. (1994). Discontinuous Wetting and Survival of Conidia ofVenturia inaequalison Apple Leaves. Phytopathology, 84(4), 372. doi:10.1094/phyto-84-372Hartman, J. R., Parisi, L., & Bautrais, P. (1999). Effect of Leaf Wetness Duration, Temperature, and Conidial Inoculum Dose on Apple Scab Infections. Plant Disease, 83(6), 531-534. doi:10.1094/pdis.1999.83.6.531Holb, I. J., Heijne, B., Withagen, J. C. M., & Jeger, M. J. (2004). Dispersal of Venturia inaequalis Ascospores and Disease Gradients from a Defined Inoculum Source. Journal of Phytopathology, 152(11-12), 639-646. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2004.00910.xRossi, V., Giosue, S., & Bugiani, R. (2003). Influence of Air Temperature on the Release of Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis. Journal of Phytopathology, 151(1), 50-58. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00680.xStensvand, A., Gadoury, D. M., Amundsen, T., Semb, L., & Seem, R. C. (1997). Ascospore Release and Infection of Apple Leaves by Conidia and Ascospores ofVenturia inaequalisat Low Temperatures. 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Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51(1), 97. doi:10.1071/ar99068Lan, Z., & Scherm, H. (2003). Moisture Sources in Relation to Conidial Dissemination and Infection byCladosporium carpophilumWithin Peach Canopies. Phytopathology, 93(12), 1581-1586. doi:10.1094/phyto.2003.93.12.1581Lawrence, Jr., E. G. (1982). Environmental Effects on the Development and Dissemination ofCladosporium carpophilumon Peach. Phytopathology, 72(7), 773. doi:10.1094/phyto-72-773Gottwald, T. R. (1985). Influence of Temperature, Leaf Wetness Period, Leaf Age, and Spore Concentration on Infection of Pecan Leaves by Conidia ofCladosporium caryigenum. Phytopathology, 75(2), 190. doi:10.1094/phyto-75-190Latham, A. J. (1982). Effects of Some Weather Factors andFusicladium effusumConidium Dispersal on Pecan Scab Occurrence. Phytopathology, 72(10), 1339. doi:10.1094/phyto-72-1339MARZO, L., FRISULLO, S., LOPS, F., & ROSSI, V. (1993). Possible dissemination of Spilocaea oleagina conidia by insects (Ectopsocus briggsi). EPPO Bulletin, 23(3), 389-391. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01341.xLOPS, F., FRISULLO, S., & ROSSI, V. (1993). Studies on the spread of the olive scab pathogen, Spilocaea oleagina. EPPO Bulletin, 23(3), 385-387. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01340.xObanor, F. O., Walter, M., Jones, E. E., & Jaspers, M. V. (2007). Effect of temperature, relative humidity, leaf wetness and leaf age on Spilocaea oleagina conidium germination on olive leaves. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 120(3), 211-222. doi:10.1007/s10658-007-9209-6Obanor, F. O., Walter, M., Jones, E. E., & Jaspers, M. V. (2010). Effects of temperature, inoculum concentration, leaf age, and continuous and interrupted wetness on infection of olive plants by Spilocaea oleagina. Plant Pathology, 60(2), 190-199. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02370.xViruega, J. R., Moral, J., Roca, L. F., Navarro, N., & Trapero, A. (2013). Spilocaea oleaginain Olive Groves of Southern Spain: Survival, Inoculum Production, and Dispersal. Plant Disease, 97(12), 1549-1556. doi:10.1094/pdis-12-12-1206-reViruega, J. R., Roca, L. F., Moral, J., & Trapero, A. (2011). Factors Affecting Infection and Disease Development on Olive Leaves Inoculated withFusicladium oleagineum. Plant Disease, 95(9), 1139-1146. doi:10.1094/pdis-02-11-0126Eikemo, H., Gadoury, D. M., Spotts, R. A., Villalta, O., Creemers, P., Seem, R. C., & Stensvand, A. (2011). Evaluation of Six Models to Estimate Ascospore Maturation in Venturia pyrina. Plant Disease, 95(3), 279-284. doi:10.1094/pdis-02-10-0125Li, B.-H., Yang, J.-R., Dong, X.-L., Li, B.-D., & Xu, X.-M. (2007). A dynamic model forecasting infection of pear leaves by conidia of Venturia nashicola and its evaluation in unsprayed orchards. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 118(3), 227-238. doi:10.1007/s10658-007-9138-4Rossi, V., Giosuè, S., & Bugiani, R. (2007). A-scab (Apple-scab), a simulation model for estimating risk of Venturia inaequalis primary infections. EPPO Bulletin, 37(2), 300-308. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01125.xXU, X.-M., BUTT, D. J., & SANTEN, G. (1995). A dynamic model simulating infection of apple leaves by Venturia inaequalis. Plant Pathology, 44(5), 865-876. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02746.xRoubal, C., Regis, S., & Nicot, P. C. (2012). Field models for the prediction of leaf infection and latent period ofFusicladium oleagineumon olive based on rain, temperature and relative humidity. Plant Pathology, 62(3), 657-666. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02666.xPayne, A. F., & Smith, D. L. (2012). Development and Evaluation of Two Pecan Scab Prediction Models. Plant Disease, 96(9), 1358-1364. doi:10.1094/pdis-03-11-0202-reTrapman M, Jansonius PJ (2008) Disease management in organic apple orchards is more than applying the right product at the correct time. 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Polymeric nanocapsules prevent oxidation of core-loaded molecules: evidence based on the effects of docosahexaenoic acid and neuroprostane on breast cancer cells proliferation
Apple scab: numerical optimization of a new thermal time scale and application for modelling ascospore release in southern France
Adequate protection of apple trees during the primary contamination period is a cornerstone for the management of apple scab. Correct timing of spring treatments is fundamental and thus, much effort has been devoted to forecasting ascospore release by Venturia inaequalis. Most models rely on degree-day accumulation starting from a biofix date established yearly on the basis of biological observations. Here, we explored the potential interest of using a single calendar date as a biofix and new types of time scales, with the help of numerical optimization with field-collected data. Using data acquired between 1996 and 2008, we assessed the daily rate of development for V. inaequalis primary inoculum by fitting generic time scale functions, a method which requires the smallest number of assumptions about the effect of temperature on the biological phenomenon. An optimal calendar biofix was established for Provence and the use of non-linear functions relating pseudothecial development rate to temperature for accumulating thermal time was compared with the usual linear response in standard degree-day models. A model was then constructed using 4 additional years of data for validation. The predictive value of the model was further improved by adjusting the time scale with “accelerating rules” to take into account the positive influence of rainy days on pseudothecial maturation prior to ascospore release. However, halting rules inserted in the time scale to account for dry days during the ascospore release period strongly reduced the predictive value of the model in the conditions of Southern France, suggesting the possible occurrence of strains adapted to dry conditions
Apple scab: numerical optimization of a new thermal time scale and application for modelling ascospore release in southern France
International audienceAdequate protection of apple trees during the primary contamination period is a cornerstone for the management of apple scab. Correct timing of spring treatments is fundamental and thus, much effort has been devoted to forecasting ascospore release by Venturia inaequalis. Most models rely on degree-day accumulation starting from a biofix date established yearly on the basis of biological observations. Here, we explored the potential interest of using a single calendar date as a biofix and new types of time scales, with the help of numerical optimization with field-collected data. Using data acquired between 1996 and 2008, we assessed the daily rate of development for V. inaequalis primary inoculum by fitting generic time scale functions, a method which requires the smallest number of assumptions about the effect of temperature on the biological phenomenon. An optimal calendar biofix was established for Provence and the use of non-linear functions relating pseudothecial development rate to temperature for accumulating thermal time was compared with the usual linear response in standard degree-day models. A model was then constructed using 4 additional years of data for validation. The predictive value of the model was further improved by adjusting the time scale with “accelerating rules” to take into account the positive influence of rainy days on pseudothecial maturation prior to ascospore release. However, halting rules inserted in the time scale to account for dry days during the ascospore release period strongly reduced the predictive value of the model in the conditions of Southern France, suggesting the possible occurrence of strains adapted to dry conditions
Field models for the prediction of leaf infection and latent period of <em>Fusicladium oleagineum</em> on olive based on rain, temperature and relative humidity
International audienceAlthough much is known about the effect of climatic conditions on the development of peacock leaf spot of olive, field-operational models predicting disease outbreaks are lacking. With the aim of developing such models, a 10-year survey was conducted to relate leaf infection to climate parameters that can be easily monitored in the field. As outbreaks of disease are known to be linked to rain, models were evaluated for their ability to predict whether infection would occur following a rain event, depending on air temperature and duration of relative humidity above 85%. A total of 134 rain events followed by confirmed leaf infection and 191 rain events not followed by detectable infection were examined. The field data were adequately fitted (both specificity and sensitivity >0Æ97) with either a multilayer neural network or with two of six tested regression models describing high boundary values of high humidity duration, above which no infection occurred over the temperature range, and low boundary values below which no infection occurred. The data also allowed the selection of a model successfully relating the duration of latent period (time between infection and the first detection of leaf spots) as a function of air temperature after the beginning of rain (R2 > 0Æ98). The predictive abilities of these models were confirmed during 2 years of testing in commercial olive orchards in southern France. They should thus provide useful forecasting tools for the rational application of treatments and foster a reduction in fungicide use against this major disease of olive
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