Characteristics of colliding density currents: a numerical and theoretical study

This paper presents a new set of numerical simulations of two colliding density currents in a idealized framework, integrating the Boussinesq vorticity equation in a rectangular bounded domain. These simulations are used to examine the dynamical features of the collision, in the light of recent laboratory experiments. The collision dynamics present various interesting features. Here we have focused on the interface slope at the front of the two unequal density currents and on the maximum height reached by the fluid after the collision. For the secondary triggering of atmospheric convection by colliding cold pools from previous convective events, these may affect the positioning and the momentum of the collision uplift, respectively. The interface slope has been shown to be dependent on the currents’ buoyancy ratio (i.e. the ratio between the density differences of the two fluids with the ambient fluid) , whereas the maximum height has no strong dependence, for a given initial current depth. A theoretical model, based on an analogy with a vortex pair, has been proposed for the interface-slope dependence, taking as input the buoyancy ratio or the propagating speeds. This model agrees reasonably well with the observed numerical values

Coupling the 1-D lake model FLake to the community land-surface model JULES

Results are presented from the merging of the lake model FLake into the community land-surface model JULES. It is shown, by comparison with observational data, that the combined JULES-FLake model performs more realistically than JULES with its original or upgraded parametrizations for inland water. Tests against observations from lakes in the UK and Sweden show that JULES-FLake gives results for both midlatitude and arctic lakes which are comparable to the original lake model, FLake. The accuracy of JULES-FLake as a general model of the land surface is therefore enhanced. Differences in sign of the model errors in the prediction of lake-ice thickness indicate possible future directions for development and testing of these models

William Howard Taft, the Origin of the Rule of Reason, and the Actavis Challenge

The origin of the Rule of Reason can be traced to the notable decision of United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. (1898), which was written by William Howard Taft during his tenure on the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. There, Judge Taft distinguished between restraints that were mainly or entirely designed to restrain trade and those that are ancillary to a procompetitive main purpose. That fundamental distinction, drawn at the dawn of Sherman Act jurisprudence, forms the basis of the Rule of Reason that currently informs antitrust case law. This Article describes the context in which the Rule of Reason was debated and defended both in public discourse by President and Professor Taft and in the landmark Supreme Court decisions of Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States (1911) and United States v. American Tobacco Co.(1911). This Article then follows the development of the Rule of Reason through Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. United States (1918) to the modern era of antitrust jurisprudence. Finally, this Article describes the application of the Rule of Reason to reverse-payment settlements in the pharmaceutical sector, one of the most challenging contemporary antitrust issues. It does so through a discussion of the Supreme Court case FTC v. Actavis (2013) and the Third Circuit’s application of Actavis in In re Wellbutrin Xl Antitrust Litig. Indirect Purchaser Class (2017). This Article provided the foundation for, and introduction to, the remarks of Professor Michael A. Carrier and Mr. Saul Morgenstern that were delivered at the New York State Bar Association Antitrust Law Section’s William Howard Taft Lecture on September 28, 2017. Those remarks are reprinted in article form in this volume of the Columbia Business Law Review

Thermal Studies on Rubidium Dinitramide

The present study has been carried out to investigate conflicting reports in the literature on the nature of the thermal decomposition of the energetic oxidant rubidium dinitramide in the liquid state. The techniques employed included DSC, simultaneous TG-DTA, simultaneous TG-mass spectrometry and thermomicroscopy. The measurements were supplemented by quantitative chemical analysis of the reaction products. The results showed that, following fusion at 106 °C, the overall decomposition proceeded in a single exothermic reaction stage forming a mixture of rubidium nitrate and rubidium nitrite in the molar ratio 1.2 : 1

モダニズムとメカニズム（承前） : 田村善之助とその周辺

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lHuman cytotoxic T lymphocytes with reduced sensitivity to Fas-induced apoptosis

Effector-memory T cells expressing Fas (Apo-1/CD95) are switched to an apoptotic program by cross-linking with Fas-ligand (FasL). Consequently, tumors that express FasL can induce apoptosis of infiltrating Fas-positive T lymphocytes and subdue any antitumor host immune response. Since Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) express FasL, we determined whether EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (EBV-CTLs) could be modified to resist this evasion strategy. We show that long-term down-modulation of Fas can be achieved in EBV-CTLs by transduction with small interfering RNA (siRNA) encoded in a retrovirus. Modified T cells resisted Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis compared with control cells and showed minimal cleavage of the caspase3 substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein after Fas engagement. Prolonged Fas stimulation selected a uniformly Fas(low) and FasL resistant population. Removal of responsiveness to this single death signal had no other discernible effects on EBV-CTLs. In particular, it did not lead to their autonomous growth since the modified EBV-CTLs remained polyclonal, and their survival and proliferation retained dependence on antigen-specific stimulation and on the presence of other physiologic growth signals. EBV-CTLs with knocked down Fas should have a selective functional and survival advantage over unmodified EBV-CTLs in the presence of tumors expressing FasL and may be of value for adoptive cellular therapy. (c) 2005 by The American Society of Hematology