Estoque de carbono e nitrogênio e emissão de N2O em diferentes usos do solo na Mata Atlântica Carbon and nitrogen stocks and N2O emission under diferent land use in Atlantic Forest biome

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da substituição de pastagens por reflorestamento com eucalipto e mata secundária sobre a dinâmica da matéria orgânica e emissão de N2O, em áreas da Mata Atlântica. As áreas avaliadas localizam-se no Município de Cruzeiro, SP, e têm histórico comum de uso da terra, tendo sido inicialmente ocupadas por pastagem. Desde 1973, uma parte desta área foi reservada para regeneração natural, outra foi ocupada com plantio de eucalipto e outra permaneceu como pastagem. Para quantificar o estoque de C e nitrogênio do solo e a abundância isotópica de 13C na matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), foram coletadas amostras de solo até 1 m de profundidade, com uso de três repetições. A emissão de N2O foi avaliada com câmaras estáticas pelo período de um ano. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos estoques de C e N do solo nas áreas de mata e eucalipto, em relação à pastagem. A mata apresenta maior influência sobre a composição da MOS. Na mata de eucalipto ocorrem as maiores perdas anuais de N, pela emissão de N2O.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact on soil organic matter dynamics and N2O emission of the substitution of pasture areas by eucaliptus reforestation and secondary forest. The evaluated areas are localized in Cruzeiro municipality, São Paulo state, Brazil. The areas presented common soil usage history, and were used, at first, as pasture. Since 1973, part of the area was reserved for regeneration of the secondary forest, another part was planted with eucalyptus, and the remaining was kept as pasture. To quantify the stocks of C, N and in soil and the 13C isotopic abundance in soil organic matter (SOM), samples from these areas were collected until 1-m depth, using three replicates. The emission of N2O was evaluated with static chambers for one year. The three areas did not show significant differences on C and N stocks of the secondary forest and eucalyptus areas, in comparison to the pasture one. Secondary forest and eucalyptus has greater carbon contribution to SOM. Secondary forest and eucalyptus have highest annual losses of N, as N2O

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil

Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora