Modular Synthesis of Semiconducting Graft Co-polymers to Achieve "clickable" Fluorescent Nanoparticles with Long Circulation and Specific Cancer Targeting

Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) have been explored for applications in cancer theranostics because of their high absorption coefficients, photostability and biocompatibility. However, SPNs are susceptible to aggregation and protein fouling in physiological conditions, which can be detrimental for in vivo applications. Here, we describe a method for achieving colloidally stable and low-fouling SPNs by grafting PEG onto the backbone of the fluorescent semiconducting polymer, poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-5-fluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT-F), in a simple one-step substitution reaction, post-polymerisation. Further, by utilising azide-functionalised PEG we site-specifically "click" anti-HER2 antibodies, Fab fragments, or affibodies onto the SPN surface, which allows the functionalised SPNs to specifically target HER2-positive cancer cells. In vivo, our PEGylated SPNs were found to have excellent circulation efficiencies in zebrafish embryos for up to seven days post-injection. SPNs functionalised with affibodies were then shown to be able to target HER2 expressing cancer cells in a zebrafish xenograft model. The covalent PEGylated SPN system described herein shows great potential for cancer theranostics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

L'apport du modèle de concurrence monopolistique à l'économie bancaire

The monopolistic competition model and banking theory We show that the Salop [1979] monopolistic competition model can reveal very useful in banking theory. We first recall several of its recent applications to the modeling of competition between bank branches (Chiappori et ali [1992], Grimaud-Rochet [1993a], Matutes-Padilla [1991]). Then we show that it can provide as well simple and robust specifications for the monetary and financial part of a macro-model with an explicit description of deposit, credit and asset markets.L'apport du modèle de concurrence monopolistique à l'économie bancaire Le modèle de concurrence monopolistique de Salop [1979] est très utilisé en économie industrielle. Il peut s'avérer également très utile en économie bancaire. Après avoir rappelé quelques applications récentes de ce modèle à la formalisation de la concurrence entre réseaux bancaires (Chiappori et al. [1992], Grimaud-Rochet [1993a], Matutes-Padilla [1991]), nous montrons qu'il peut fournir aussi des spécifications simples et solides à la partie monétaire et financière d'un modèle macro-économique où sont décrits explicitement les marchés des dépôts, des crédits et des titres financiers.Grimaud André, Rochet Jean-Charles. L'apport du modèle de concurrence monopolistique à l'économie bancaire. In: Revue économique, volume 45, n°3, 1994. pp. 715-726

L'apport du modèle de concurrence monopolistique à l'économie bancaire

[eng] The monopolistic competition model and banking theory. . We show that the Salop [1979] monopolistic competition model can reveal very useful in banking theory. We first recall several of its recent applications to the modeling of competition between bank branches (Chiappori et ali [1992], Grimaud-Rochet [1993a], Matutes-Padilla [1991]). Then we show that it can provide as well simple and robust specifications for the monetary and financial part of a macro-model with an explicit description of deposit, credit and asset markets. [fre] L'apport du modèle de concurrence monopolistique à l'économie bancaire. . Le modèle de concurrence monopolistique de Salop [1979] est très utilisé en économie industrielle. Il peut s'avérer également très utile en économie bancaire. Après avoir rappelé quelques applications récentes de ce modèle à la formalisation de la concurrence entre réseaux bancaires (Chiappori et al. [1992], Grimaud-Rochet [1993a], Matutes-Padilla [1991]), nous montrons qu'il peut fournir aussi des spécifications simples et solides à la partie monétaire et financière d'un modèle macro-économique où sont décrits explicitement les marchés des dépôts, des crédits et des titres financiers.

Autoregressive models for estimating phylogenetic and environmental effects: accounting for within-species variations

Comparative methods are used to investigate the attributes of present species or higher taxa. Difficulties arise from the phylogenetic heritage: taxa are not independent and neglecting phylogenetic inertia can lead to inaccurate results. Within-species variations in life-history traits are also not negligible, but most comparative methods are not designed to take them into account. Taxa are generally described by a single value for each trait. We have developed a new model which permits the incorporation of both the phylogenetic relationships among populations and within-species variations. This is an extension of classical autoregressive models. This family of models was used to study the effect of fishing on six demographic traits measured on 77 populations of teleost fishes