Selection criteria for drought tolerance at the vegetative phase in early maturing maize

Identifying drought tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) at the vegetative stage is a meaningful effort at reducing cost and time of screening large number of maize genotypes for drought tolerance. The primary objectives of this study were to assess the effectiveness of vegetative traits in discriminating between drought tolerant and drought sensitive hybrids and to determine the stage at which the stress should be imposed to achieve maximum difference between hybrids with contrasting responses to drought. A drought tolerant hybrid (TZEI 18 × TZEI 31) and a sensitive hybrid (TZEI 108 × TZEI 87) were evaluated in a pot experiment conducted in a screen house facility and in the field at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife in 2011. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in each of four groups of different water treatments, namely one week of watering for 1, 2, and 3 weeks after planting and withdrawing watering for the rest of the period of experimentation (43 days after planting), along with a treatment involving watering throughout the period of the experiment. Data were collected on root and shoot traits under the four levels of water treatment and the data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and orthogonal contrasts. Results of the ANOVA showed significant mean squares for root length, root fresh weight, shoot length, number of root branches, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and number of shed leaves. Withdrawing water a week or two after planting induced large differences between the drought tolerant and drought sensitive genotypes for root length, root dry weight, number of root branches and number of shed leaves. In conclusion, root length, root fresh weight, shoot length, number of root branches, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and number of shed leaves were the most reliable traits for pre-anthesis drought tolerance. Watering for only one or two weeks after planting was the best treatment for identifying drought tolerant maize genotypes at the vegetative growth stage.Key words: Drought, maize, pre-anthesis, seedling stage

Physiological response of the three most cultivated pepper species (Capsicum spp.) in Africa to drought stress imposed at three stages of growth and development

Drought and excess water are divergent weather conditions, predicted to strongly affect the physiology of plants. The present study investigated the effects of varying drought stress imposed at different stages of growth and development on the three most cultivated Capsicum species in Africa. This was with a view to elucidating the physiological and biochemical responses of these plants to aftermath of drought and to further ascertain the most critical stage of drought in them. Capsicum spp. were exposed to four drought regimes by withholding water to 80-85%, 55-60%, 40-45% and 30-35% water holding capacity (WHC) respectively representing control, light, moderate and severe drought stress conditions. Results showed that moderate and severe drought induced significant reduction in leaf relative water content (LRWC), relative growth rate (RGR), carotenoid, chlorophyll "a", "b" and total chlorophyll content of the study plants at the vegetative stage, particularly in Capsicum chinense. C. chinense exposed to severe drought stress had highest LAR and leaf weight ratio (LWR) at flowering and fruiting stages. Furthermore, C. chinense under moderate and severe drought treatment had higher phenol content at vegetative stage. Irrespective of the growth stage, no pinch of capsaicin content was detected in C. annum. Capsaicin content of C. chinense exposed to drought stress at vegetative stage was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those exposed to the same drought stress at fruiting stage. The present findings revealed that Capsicum chinense was more tolerant to drought stress than the other two species. Data presented in this study suggest that the three-capsicum species are likely to be more susceptible to the aftermath of drought at the vegetative stage than at either the fruiting or the flowering stage