81 research outputs found
Responsible research for the construction of maximally humanlike automata: the paradox of unattainable informed consent
Since the Nuremberg Code and the first Declaration of Helsinki, globally there has been increasing adoption and adherence to procedures for ensuring that human subjects in research are as well informed as possible of the studyâs reasons and risks and voluntarily consent to serving as subject. To do otherwise is essentially viewed as violation of the human research subjectâs legal and moral rights. However, with the recent philosophical concerns about responsible robotics, the limits and ambiguities of research-subjects ethical codes become apparent on the matter of constructing automata that maximally resemble human beings (as defined hereunder). In this case, the automata themselves, as products of research and development, are in the very process of their construction subjects of research and development. However, such research faces a paradox: The subjects cannot give their informed consent to this research for their own development, although their consent would be needed for the research. According to ethical codes, this research would be unethical. The article then explores whether the background concepts giving rise to this paradox could be reframed in order to allow such research to proceed ethically
Responsible research for the construction of maximally humanlike automata: the paradox of unattainable informed consent
A Survey of Established Veterinary Clinical Skills Laboratories from Europe and North America:Present Practices and Recent Developments
Economic imaginaries of the Anti-biosis : between âeconomies of resistanceâ and the âresistance of economiesâ
This paper seeks reports on the way economic principles, formulae and discourse inform biological research on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the life sciences. AMR, it can be argued, has become the basis for performing certain forms of âeconomic imaginaryâ. Economic imaginaries are ways of projecting and materially restructuring economic and political orders through motifs, metaphors, images and practices. The paper contributes to critical social science and humanities research on the socio-economic underpinning of biological discourse. The performance of economy in this context can be seen to follow two key trajectories. The first trajectory, discussed at length in this paper, might be described as âeconomies of resistanceâ. Here the language of market economics structures and frames microbiological explanations of bacterial resistance. This can be illustrated through, for example, biological theories of âgenetic capitalismâ where capitalism itself is seen to furnish microbial life with modes of economic behaviour and conduct. âEconomies of resistanceâ are evidence of the naturalisation of socio-economic structures in expert understandings of AMR. The methodological basis of this paper lies in a historical genealogical investigation into the use of economic and market principles in contemporary microbiology. The paper reports on a corpus of published academic sources identified through the use of keywords, terms, expressions and metaphors linked to market economics. Search terms included, but were not limited to: âtrade-offâ, âinvestmentâ, âmarket/sâ, âinvestmentâ, âcompetitionâ, âcooperationâ, âeconomyâ, âcapital/ismâ, âsocialist/ismâ, etc. âEconomies of resistanceâ complements a second distinct trajectory that can be seen to flow in the opposite direction from biology to economic politics (the âresistance of economiesâ). Here, economic imaginaries of microbial life are redeployed in large-scale debates about the nature of economic life, about the future of the welfare state, industrial strategy, and about the politics of migration and race, etc. âEconomies of resistanceâ and the âresistance of economiesâ are not unrelated but, instead, they are mutually constituting dynamics in the co-production of AMR. In attempting to better understand this co-production, the paper draws upon literatures on the biopolitics of immunity in political philosophy and Science and Technology Studies (STS)
Non-technical Skills in Healthcare
AbstractNon-technical Skills (NTS) are a set of generic cognitive and social skills, exhibited by individuals and teams, that support technical skills when performing complex tasks. Typical NTS training topics include performance shaping factors, planning and preparation for complex tasks, situation awareness, perception of risk, decision-making, communication, teamwork and leadership. This chapter provides a framework for understanding these skills in theory and practice, how they interact, and how they have been applied in healthcare, as well as avenues for future research
Measuring Safety Culture in the Ambulatory Setting: The Safety Attitudes QuestionnaireâAmbulatory Version
The nuclear power industry as an alternative analogy for safety in anaesthesia and a novel approach for the conceptualisation of safety goals
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