Apoplastic And Intracellular Plant Sugars Regulate Developmental Transitions In Witches' Broom Disease Of Cacao

Witches' broom disease (WBD) of cacao differs from other typical hemibiotrophic plant diseases by its unusually long biotrophic phase. Plant carbon sources have been proposed to regulate WBD developmental transitions; however, nothing is known about their availability at the plant-fungus interface, the apoplastic fluid of cacao. Data are provided supporting a role for the dynamics of soluble carbon in the apoplastic fluid in prompting the end of the biotrophic phase of infection. Carbon depletion and the consequent fungal sensing of starvation were identified as key signalling factors at the apoplast. MpNEP2, a fungal effector of host necrosis, was found to be up-regulated in an autophagic-like response to carbon starvation in vitro. In addition, the in vivo artificial manipulation of carbon availability in the apoplastic fluid considerably modulated both its expression and plant necrosis rate. Strikingly, infected cacao tissues accumulated intracellular hexoses, and showed stunted photosynthesis and the up-regulation of senescence markers immediately prior to the transition to the necrotrophic phase. These opposite findings of carbon depletion and accumulation in different host cell compartments are discussed within the frame of WBD development. 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A Potential Role For An Extracellular Methanol Oxidase Secreted By Moniliophthora Perniciosa In Witches' Broom Disease In Cacao

The hemibiotrophic basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of Witches' broom disease (WBD) in cacao, is able to grow on methanol as the sole carbon source. In plants, one of the main sources of methanol is the pectin present in the structure of cell walls. Pectin is composed of highly methylesterified chains of galacturonic acid. The hydrolysis between the methyl radicals and galacturonic acid in esterified pectin, mediated by a pectin methylesterase (PME), releases methanol, which may be decomposed by a methanol oxidase (MOX). The analysis of the M. pernciosa genome revealed putative mox and pme genes. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR performed with RNA from mycelia grown in the presence of methanol or pectin as the sole carbon source and with RNA from infected cacao seedlings in different stages of the progression of WBD indicate that the two genes are coregulated, suggesting that the fungus may be metabolizing the methanol released from pectin. 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Anatomia de estípulas e coléteres de Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq. (Rubiaceae) Stipule and colleter anatomy of Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq. (Rubiaceae)

Psychotria carthagenensis (Rubiaceae) pode ser identificada pela presença de estípulas apicais lanceoladas. Muitos gêneros da família têm estípulas com estruturas secretoras, denominadas coléteres. Sobre a estrutura de estípulas e coléteres pouco é conhecido. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar anatomicamente estípulas e coléteres de indivíduos de P. carthagenensis ocorrentes no Estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil). Amostras de estípulas apicais dos ramos foram coletadas, fixadas e processadas para estudos em microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Testes histoquímicos foram aplicados em material in vivo. As estípulas são fundidas pela base e separadas na porção apical. Na face adaxial ocorrem tricomas multicelulares, entre os quais estão os coléteres. Estes têm base constricta, poros na superfície cuticular e epiderme em paliçada envolvendo um parênquima axial, o qual pode conter ráfides. Os coléteres secretam substâncias mucilaginosas. Esta secreção é muito importante para proteger o meristema apical caulinar e as folhas jovens.<br>Psychotria carthagenensis (Rubiaceae) is identified by the presence of lanceolate apical stipules. Several Rubiaceae genera have stipules with secretory structures called colleters. Little is known about the structures of stipules and colleters. This work aimed to characterize anatomically the stipules and the colleters of Psychotria carthagenensis from Santa Catarina state (Brazil). Apical shoot stipule samples were collected, fixed, and processed for light and scanning electron microscopy studies. Histochemical tests were made on in vivo material. The bases of stipules are connected and the apices are separate. On the adaxial surface, there are multicellular trichomes and the colleters are found among these. They have a constricted base, pores on the cuticle surface, parenchymatic middle axis surrounded by a layer of palisade-like epidermal cells, in which may have raphides. The colleters secrete a mucilaginous substance that is very important to protect the apical shoot and young leaves