Cristallochimie du fer dans les chlorites de basse température (implications pour la géothermométrie et la détermination des paléoconditions redox dans les gisements d'uranium)

Dans les contextes de gisements d'uranium, les conditions redox constituent le principal facteur contrôlant le dépôt de la minéralisation. Très fréquemment observées dans ces gisements, les chlorites constituent le seul minéral argileux susceptible d'enregistrer des paléo-fronts redox, du fait de la présence dans sa structure de fer à la fois sous sa forme Fe2+ et Fe3+. Toutefois, le message délivré par ces minéraux est souvent difficile à préciser du fait de la présence très fréquente dans ces environnements de plusieurs populations d'origines variées (diagénétiques, hydrothermales, métamorphiques, épisodes hydrothermaux superposés ). Grâce à la spectroscopie -XANES et à un important travail méthodologique de calibration, nous sommes maintenant capables de mesurer sur lames minces et à +- 5 % le rapport Fe3+/SFe dans les chlorites. Les mesures réalisées démontrent que le rapport Fe3+/SFe peut atteindre des valeurs voisines de 60% pour les chlorites di-trioctaédriques et 5 % à plus de 40 % pour les chlorites trioctaédriques. En contexte hydrothermal, où les chlorites se forment via un processus de dissolution/recristallisation, le rapport Fe3+/SFe diminue avec l'augmentation de la teneur en Fer globale. Les chlorites observées en contexte diagénétique qui sont issues de la transformation polymorphique de la berthiérine ont un comportement différent puisqu'il n'apparaît pas de lien entre leur teneur en Fer total et le rapport Fe3+/SFe : leur chimie est directement héritée de celle du minéral précurseur, cette transformation ne permettant pas un échange ni une réorganisation des cations au sein de la structure. Ce mode de formation explique l'inadéquation de la modélisation thermodynamique pour ces phases minérales. En vue de leur utilisation comme marqueurs de paléoconditions dans les contextes de gisements d'uranium où chlorites hydrothermales et diagénétiques peuvent être présentes, il est donc déterminant d'identifier l'origine des chlorites avant de pouvoir préciser le message délivré. Cela peut être réalisé au travers de l'analyse de leur polytype: Ib (b=90) pour les chlorites issues d'une transformation à l'état solide et IIb pour les chlorites formées via un processus de dissolution-recristallisation.In contexts of uranium deposits, redox conditions constitute the main factor controlling the uranium deposition. Often observed in these deposits, chlorites are the unique clay mineral which can be able to record in their structure the redox conditions through their Fe3+/SFe ratio. However, the common presence of several populations of chlorites makes difficult to understand the message carried out by these minerals. Thanks to -XANES spectroscopy, we are now able to measure on thin sections the Fe3+/SFe ratio in chlorites with an accuracy of 5 %. Measurements show that it can reach 60 % in di-trioctahedral chlorites and 5 % to more than 40 % for trioctahedral chlorites. In hydrothermal contexts where chlorites crystallize through a dissolution-recrystallization process, their Fe3+/SFe ratio decreases with the increase of the global Fe content. Diagenetic chlorites observed resulting from the polymorphic transformation of berthierine have a different behavior because there is no link between their total iron content and their Fe3+/SFe ratio: their chemistry is directly inherited from the one of the precursor mineral because this transformation does not allow a reorganization of cations in the structure. This transformation explains that thermodynamic models cannot work for these phases. For the use of chlorites as makers of redox paleoconditions in contexts of uranium deposits where diagenetic and hydrothermal chlorites can be present, it is decisive to determine their origin, for example analyzing their polytype: Ib (b=90) for chlorites crystallized from solid-state transformation and IIb for chlorites crystallized through dissolution-recrystallization process.POITIERS-BU Sciences (861942102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Osmotic pressures of lysozyme solutions from gas-like to crystal states

International audienceWe obtained osmotic pressure data of lysozyme solutions, describing their physical states over a wide concentration range, using osmotic stress for pressures between 0.05 bar and about 40 bar and volume fractions between 0.01 and 0.61. The osmotic pressure vs. volume fraction data consist of a dilute, gas-phase regime, a transition regime with a high-compressibility plateau, and a concentrated regime where the system is nearly incompressible. The first two regimes are shifted towards a higher protein volume fraction upon decreasing the strength or the range of electrostatic interactions. We describe this shift and the overall shape of the experimental data in these two regimes through a model accounting for a steric repulsion, a short-range van der Waals attraction and a screened electrostatic repulsion. The transition is caused by crystallization, as shown by small-angle X-ray scattering. We verified that our data points correspond to thermodynamic equilibria, and thus that they consist of the reference experimental counterpart of a thermodynamic equation of state. © the Owner Societies 2016

Food intake adaptation to dietary fat involves PSA-dependent rewiring of the arcuate melanocortin system in mice.

International audienceHormones such as leptin and ghrelin can rapidly rewire hypothalamic feeding circuits when injected into rodent brains. These experimental manipulations suggest that the hypothalamus might reorganize continually in adulthood to integrate the metabolic status of the whole body. In this study, we examined whether hypothalamic plasticity occurs in naive animals according to their nutritional conditions. For this purpose, we fed mice with a short-term high-fat diet (HFD) and assessed brain remodeling through its molecular and functional signature. We found that HFD for 3 d rewired the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, increasing the anorexigenic tone due to activated pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. We identified the polysialic acid molecule (PSA) as a mediator of the diet-induced rewiring of arcuate POMC. Moreover, local pharmacological inhibition and genetic disruption of the PSA signaling limits the behavioral and metabolic adaptation to HFD, as treated mice failed to normalize energy intake and showed increased body weight gain after the HFD challenge. Altogether, these findings reveal the existence of physiological hypothalamic rewiring involved in the homeostatic response to dietary fat. Furthermore, defects in the hypothalamic plasticity-driven adaptive response to HFD are obesogenic and could be involved in the development of metabolic diseases

Management of renal replacement therapy among adults in French intensive care units: A bedside practice evaluation

International audienceBackgroundThis study aimed to investigate renal replacement therapy (RRT) practices in a representative nationwide sample of French intensive care units (ICUs).MethodsFrom July 1 to October 5 2021, 67 French ICUs provided data regarding their ICU and RRT implementation. We used an online questionnaire to record general data about each participating ICU, including the type of hospital, number of beds, staff ratios, and RRT implementation. Each center then prospectively recorded RRT parameters from 5 consecutive acute kidney injury (AKI) patients, namely the indication, type of dialysis catheter used, type of catheter lock used, type of RRT (continuous or intermittent), the RRT parameters initially prescribed (dose, blood flow, and duration), and the anticoagulant agent used for the circuit.ResultsA total of 303 patients from 67 ICUs were analyzed. Main indications for RRT were oligo-anuria (57.4%), metabolic acidosis (52.1%), and increased plasma urea levels (47.9%). The commonest insertion site was the right internal jugular (45.2%). In 71.0% of cases, the dialysis catheter was inserted by a resident. Ultrasound guidance was used in 97.0% and isovolumic connection in 90.1%. Citrate, unfractionated heparin, and saline were used as catheter locks in 46.9%, 24.1%, and 21.1% of cases, respectively.ConclusionsPractices in French ICUs are largely compliant with current national guidelines and international literature. The findings should be interpreted in light of the limitations inherent to this type of study