Etnicidade, política e ascensão social: um exemplo teuto-brasileiro

Imigrantes alemães tiveram participação relevante no processo de colonização baseado na pequena propriedade familiar, iniciado no sul do Brasil em 1824. Nesse contexto de ocupação do território, por meio de assentamentos de famílias em regiões demarcadas como colônias, os processos de diferenciação interna e ascensão social aconteceram juntamente com a formação da identidade étnica teuto-brasileira. Os princípios distintivos dessa identidade foram baseados na especificidade cultural e social das colônias alemães e no jus sanguinis, constrastando com os imperativos de assimilação ditados pelo nacionalismo brasileiro como condição de cidadania. Este artigo aborda a questão da mobilidade social nos campos econômico e político, e as controvérsias associadas a sentimentos de etnicidade, evidenciadas em uma região de colonização alemã em Santa Catarina (Vale do Itajaí) nas primeiras décadas da República - período inicial da industrialização a partir da atividade comercial, e de aproximação da elite teuto-brasileira com a sociedade nacional.<br>German immigrants played a significant part in the process of colonization based on small family holdings, which was initiated in southern Brazil in 1824. Processes of internal differentiation and social ascension took place alongside the formation of a German-Brazilian identity, in the context of territorial occupation centered on family-settlements in colonies. The distinctive aspects of this identity were based on the social and cultural specificity of the German colonies and on jus sanguinis, which contrasts with the imperatives of assimilation dictated by Brazilian nationalism as the condition of citizenship. This article looks at the question of social mobility in economics and politics, and controversies associated with sentiments of ethnicity, as seen in an area of German colonization in the state of Santa Catarina (Vale do Itajaí) in the first decades of the Republic; a period characterized by incipient industrialization based on commercial activity, and by the approximation of the German-Brazilian elite to national society

Natureza admirada, natureza devastada: História e Historiografia da colonização de Santa Catarina Nature admired, nature devastated: History and Historiography of the colonization of Santa Catarina

De um modo geral, a história da "imigraçãopor -colonização" no século XIX, objeto histórico presente na historiografia brasileira e nas histórias regionais, é predominantemente narrada de acordo com as coordenadas ideológicas hegemônicas da sociedade moderna: civilização, progresso, evolução e trabalho. Dentro deste quadro conceitual, a natureza é vista e representada como um mero recurso natural que deve ser "naturalmente" explorado e manipulado pela sociedade humana. Este artigo aborda a história e o conhecimento histórico sobre a experiência da colonização em Santa Catarina, principalmente em relação às principais colônias fundadas na segunda metade do século XIX. Problematiza-se a relação culturapor -natureza instituída no processo colonizador e a concepção de natureza contida no conhecimento histórico da colonização; observam-se fontes documentais (Relatórios da Província, Relatórios das Colônias) e historiográficas na perspectiva da História Ambiental; e procura-se demonstrar que o modo de ver e explicar a "evolução histórica" da colonização estimula e legitima a destruição e a domesticação do mundo natural tanto quanto dos povos indígenas, em particular a Mata Atlântica e os índios Xokleng.<br>Generally speaking, the 19th century history of "immigration-colonization", object of the Brazilian historiography and the local historical studies, is mainly narrated from the perspective of the modern society ideological, hegemonic coordinates: civilization, progress, evolution, and work. From this conceptual viewpoint, nature is represented as a mere natural resource that must be exploited and handled by the human society. This paper deals with history and the historical knowledge about the colonization process in Santa Catarina state, mainly in relation to the first colonies settled in the second half of the 19th century. It questions the relationship between culture and nature instituted in the colonization process and the concept of nature present in the historical accounts of the colonies; documental and historiographic sources are observed (Province Reports and Colonies Reports) from the perspective of environmental history. The paper also demonstrates that as the historical evolution of the colonization is traditionally seen and explained it stimulates and legitimates the destruction and domestication of the natural world as well as the native people, particularly the Atlantic Forest and the Xokleng people

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially