Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, studies in San Francisco Bay, Monterey Bay, and the Gulf of the Farallones, July 1982 to March 1983

Herring stocks were hydroacoustically surveyed and sampled in San Francisco Bay from November 1982 to March 1983. Twelve discrete herring schools were identified, all of which spawned between November 7 and February 23. One additional school was found in the Bay in March but showed no evidence of spawning. Total biomass estimate from hydroacoustic surveys was 67,040 tons. Based on MRR biomass estimates from spawned egg counts, an additional 10,000 tons may have spawned in November and December without being detected hydroacoustically. The largest schools occurred in January and February. Hydroacoustic estimates of biomass for individual schools during the season ranged from 270 to 22,300 tons. Sixty-seven samples, containing a total of 12,232 herring, were collected with variable mesh gill net and midwater trawl or obtained from the commercial roundhaul and gill net fisheries. In general, a trend was observed of decreasing mean size and age as the season progressed. Schools spawning in November and December consisted primarily of 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-yr-old fish. Schools sampled from January to March were predominantly 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-yr-old herring. The 1978, 1979, and 1980 yr classes (ages 5, 4, and 3 yr) were strong, comprising up to 90% of the samples. The 1981 yr class (2-yr olds) was relatively weak. Abundant rainfall and resultant low salinity in San Francisco Bay surface waters apparently delayed or prevented herring from spawning in February and March. A relationship may exist between relative abundance of young-of-the-year fish, as noted from midwater trawl samples collected by the Department's Bay-Delta Study, and the resultant year class strength of newly recruited 2-yr-old herring in San Francisco Bay's spawning stocks. (57pp.

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, studies in San Francisco and Tomales Bays, April 1987 to March 1988

Herring schools were surveyed hydroacoustically and sampled in San Francisco Bay from late October 1987 to March 1988. Nine large schools (greater than 1000 tons) and four smaller ones were detected. Total acoustic biomass estimate, using a combination of echo integration and "visual integration" methods, was 71,110 tons. Improved acoustic calibration parameters resulted in this estimate being close to the spawn escapement-plus-catch estimate of 68,881 tons. However, the two biomass survey methods ere complementary and, when used together, provide a more accurate estimate of the spawning population than either method alone. Eighty-two samples, containing a total of 16,316 herring, were collected with variable-mesh gill net, midwater trawl, or obtained from the roundhaul fishery. Mean body length decreased by more then 20 mm from the beginning to the end of the spawning season. Sex ratios favored males in November and December, while females were more abundant in February and March. The 1982 through 1986 year classes (6- through 2-yr olds) contributed approximately 98% by weight and number to the total 1987-88 spawning biomass in San Francisco Bay. Herring year classes aged 7 and older each comprised no more then 1% of any school. Above average recruitment occurred for the 1986 year class. Recruitment may not be complete for some year classes until age 3 yr. This was particularly evident for the 1985 year clear. (72pp.

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, studies in San Francisco Bay, April 1986 to March 1987

Herring schools were surveyed hydroacoustically and sampled in San Francisco Bay from late October 1986 to March 1987. Eight large schools (greater than 1000 tons each) spawned from December to February and seven smaller schools were detected throughout the spawning season. Total acoustic biomass estimate using a "visual integration" technique was 40,930 tons, and it was determined from spawn escapement and commercial landings that an additional 2240 tons were not detected. This is a slight increase from last season's total of approximately 42,200 tons. For the first time, biomass was also estimated using echo integration equipment. A total biomass was obtained of 33,050 tons, including herring not detected acoustically. This estimate must be considered preliminary and subject to revision after target strength of San Francisco Bay herring is determined. Eighty-seven samples, containing a total of 13,125 herring, were collected with variable-mesh gill net and midwater trawl or obtained from the roundhaul and gill net fisheries. Mean body length (BL) of sampled herring decreased by about 20 mm from the beginning to the end of the spawning season. A combination of variable-mesh gill net and midwater trawl samples for a particular school closely approximates mean BL and age composition data from unbiased roundhaul samples. Age-weight and age-length relationships were average to above average compared with those of the previous two seasons. The 1982 year class exhibited unusually good growth, with a mean BL of 202.8 mm for herring aged from stratified random samples. The 1982 through 1985 year classes (5- through 2-yr olds) contributed 97% by number and 95% by weight to the total 1986-87 spawning biomass in San Francisco Bay. Good recruitment has occurred during the past four seasons. The weak 1981 year class contributed little to the total biomass as 6-yr olds. Average catch per tow of young-of-the-year (YOY) herring is a potential index of abundance for recruitment 18 months later as 2-yr olds. Estimated recruitment has only varied by 15% during the past three seasons and does not reflect the magnitude or trend in YOY catches in the bay. (85pp.

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, experimental roe-on-kelp open pound fishery studies in San Francisco Bay, December 1987 to February 1988

The experimental open pound herring roe-on-kelp (ROK) fishery was studied in San Francisco Bay from mid December 1987 to mid February 1988. Five different harvests were observed and sampled. A total of 19.7 tons of Macrocystis sp. kelp covered with herring eggs was processed during this period. Kelp harvested from the Santa Barbara Channel Islands was transported to San Francisco Bay for hanging on the pounds. Weather conditions at the channel islands affected the condition and dimensions of the harvested kelp. Once suspended on the pounds in bay waters, the cut kelp deteriorated in 8 to 10 d. Based on our sampling, an average of 0.98 tons of kelp with a total blade surface area of 3031 m2 was suspended from each pound. ROK was sampled at the shoreside processing facility. Densities of attached eggs ranged from light (less than three layers) to heavy (more than six layers) for the five different spawns. Egg coverage on each pound also varied; kelp towards the middle portion of the pound received heavier deposition of eggs. Average weight increase from egg deposition, per blade, was 780% with the kelp weighing an average of 12.2% of the total. An average 13.2% by weight was trimmed during processing. A multiplication factor of 0.206 should be used to convert individual roe herring allotments to ROK allotments. Standard plastic totes containing processed ROK averaged 1783 lb total gross weight. Totes contained an average of 49.7% ROK by weight. Samples of roe-on-kelp increased an average of 10.9% in weight after brining during processing. (35pp.

Florida\u27s Flying Minute Men: The Civil Air Patrol, 1941-1943

As the United States teetered on the brink of war, many worried that the country was woefully unprepared to defend its own shores. Several prominent Americans developed the idea of a civilian defense force to patrol the offshore waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico. A committee headed by Gill Robb Wilson, National Aeronautic Association president and aviation editor for the New York Herald Tribune, presented a Civil Air Patrol (CAP) plan to Fiorello H. LaGuardia, director of the United States Civilian Defense, mayor of New York City, and World War I flyer. Unlike many of his civilian and military counterparts, LaGuardia took seriously the threat of German submarines, once telling a New York Times reporter that “[w]e’ve got to hustle and provide our forces with everything they need so they can end the menace as soon as possible.“

Doctor of Pharmacy

dissertationThe decision-making process of a hospital pharmacy administrator include the determination of the most advantageous mean by which intravenously administered drugs may be prepared and distributed. Systems to accomplish the have become increasingly more efficient, less hazardous to the patient, but more costly to the Department of Pharmacy Services. these increases in costs have been passed on to the patient, and subsequently to third party payers of health care services. One such system is the piggyback bottle system, which is currently in use at University Hospital. The introduction of the prospective payment system by several third party payers of health care services will require hospital pharmacy administrators to evaluate and justify the cost of preparing and distributing intravenously administered drugs. A system which purportedly has the same advantages as those of the piggyback bottle system, but at a reduced cost to the Department of Pharmacy Services, is the Harvard Mini-Infuser System. A comparative of the two systems was performed to determine actual cost savings at University Hospital. The objective of this study was to determine the comparative personnel and material acquisition costs to the Department of Pharmacy Services at University Hospital of two systems for the intravenously administrations of drugs

Francis Thompson's debt to Richard Crashaw in poetical thought and content

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityThough women were most influential in the lives of both Crashaw and Thompson, neither of the poets has ever been connected with an orthodox or romantic affair. Crashaw had his friends at court and Thompson had Mrs. Meynell and his strange street companion of his unhappy days as their only female interests. Some have viewed Thompson's disinterest as an indication that he was of the feminine temperament himself but this has little ground for argument. In the person of the infant Jesus Crashaw shows us that he had a tender feeling for children and that he knew how to portray them in his poetry. Thompson has written more directly to children and we know who some of his models were but his poetry is often thought too deep for the understanding of children, written about children, not for them. Thompson felt awed in the presence of the innocence of the child and the differences of Youth and Age were prime problems with which he contended. The love developed by the poets in their verse emerges as a type of Platonic love given individual treatment by each of them. Crashaw regarded women as friends and as creatures of the same God who had made him. Their ambition should be the love of the Redeemer as above mere human love. The Platonic Love of Thompson is less religious and more earthly than that of Crashaw. It centers about Mrs. Meynell as its actual object but actually she represents Ideal beauty and it is this latter that Thompson celebrates. Both men have a particular devotion to a certain woman. In Crashaw it is St. Teresa and in Thompson it is Mary, the Mother of God. Crashaw admires the courage of the youthful martyr and calls upon her for a reproduction of that fervour in him. She sums up and symbolizes all of his other types of love, though he has dedicated poems to the Blessed Virgin and to Mary Magdelen. When Thompson is not concerned with Mrs. Meynell or Ideal Beauty he is playing host to the mystical vision of Mary. Sometimes, he fuses all of his ideas on Platonic love into her person. His is less fire and more admiration and respect. Neither poet can lay any great claim to being a poet of Nature. Both lack the attention given to details by the true poets of the subject. Crashaw had some appreciation of the dawn and flowers but his use of nature was mostly symbolic and never freshly observant. Thompson suffered somewhat from the same failing, in that his interest in Nature was narrowed to a few limited subjects. Those subjects, always broad, like the earth and sky, he did well. He was more interested in the Divinity behind Nature than in the Nature before him personally. Crashaw and Thompson were both Catholics at different periods in the history of the church. Crashaw had the added experience of being a convert and thus had a slightly different attitude towards the Church. Crashaw was attracted by the symbolism of the Catholic religion to some extent and he became more of a devotional poet than a strictly religious one. Thompson had less of the fiery faith of Crashaw but he had more reasoning power in his poetry. His life, too, had brought him closer to God because he saw the futility of it all without a belief in a better world ruled by a more benificent Being. Crashaw stood not in awe of the Father and the Son but placed them affectionately in his verse. Thompson was a bit frightened by his subjects and always pictured God as great Being about Whom very little could be known, or should be known. They both had an avid interest in Christ and treated the most important events of his life with almost identical sympathy, stressing above all things the Crucifixion, which for Crashaw had a symbolic pattern and for Thompson had a moral one. Saints and angels made up a large part of the imagery of the work of both men. They believed in both species implicitly as part of their religious teaching. Crashaw uses his saints to inspire and his angels for color, usually picturing the latter as kind, fairy-like creatures. Thompson takes more liberties with the angels and humanizes them in some of his poems. By and large they are likewise sweet and gentle beings. Thompson's saints conform to the tradition of the Three Churches and the saints form the Church Triumphant in Heaven. In this vein everyone in Heaven is technically a saint. Heaven and Hell are real places to both of the men and an essential part of the Godhead since they represent his Mercy and Justice. Crashaw was able to present Hell far better than Thompson, while the Victorian poet's Heaven outshone that of seventeenth-century poet. Due to the mystical achievements of both we are able to get fairly accurate pictures of their conceptions of the 1ife-after-death. Purgatory is more part of the poetry of Thompson than Crashaw, undoubtedly because of the range of the former's sufferings here on earth. Sin to Thompson is a personal problem and he struggles within himself to defeat the powers of evil at work. With Christian hope he expects the aid of the Saviour in the bestowing of Grace and the granting of final absolution. He intends to aid himself in this achievement by the proper applications of the Cardinal Virtues of Faith, Hope and Charity. Crashaw is not nearly so worried about his own soul, or at least he does not use his poetry as a vehicle for such a confession. As a teacher he is more concerned with the sins of his flock and directs his poetry towards this end. The Virtues are of equal importance to him and there is every reason to believe that he lived by them as well as taught them to his parishioners. Religion had significance, too, in the abundant imagery that it gave to the poets. They were able to adopt symbols from the Mass, from the Liturgy and from the Sacraments. In this way their religion aided their poetry and their poetic nuse was an aid to their appreciation of their religion. It has been mentioned that both men were mystics, that they believed in the possibility of a direct spiritual union with God. Crashaw and Thompson developed along similar and somewhat conventional lines as mystics and suffered so that they might attain the vision. There is claim in their poetry that they were possessed at times of a vision beyond the ken of ordinary senses. Their poetry abounds in references and allusions to their strugbles and their rewards. Rather than make their poetry more diffuse, it serves to make it more interesting and even imparts it a special flavor which does much to give it the high position it holds. Crashaw was no great thinker. He was decidedly more emotional than intellectual and never consciously sought to be didactic. If there is something to be learned in his poetry it is because we feel as he does not because we think along his lines. Thompson is more of a philosopher, albeit an unwitting one. He delves into the problems of meaning of the world and Man and the destiny of God's creature. The views of both are colored by their religion. In Crashaw religion takes over entirely while in Thompson there is an attempt to extend the religion and religious ideas to fit other and more universal problems. Both Crashaw and Thompson are today sadly neglected. Time seems to have given Crashaw his little niche and from it there is a little likelihood that he will stir, or, if he does, it will hardly be in the direction of elevation. Thompson's stock, on the other hand, has been rising and interest in the man and his poetry grows daily. Perhaps his final estimate will be no higher than Crashaw's but now it appears that it may emerge on a higher plane than many of those Victorian poets presently considered his masters